奧斯陸機場擴建
——可持續性和旅客福祉的新高度，奧斯陸，挪威

建筑設計：諾迪克建筑事務所

Architects: Nordic-Office of Architecture

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1 夜景/Night view

奧斯陸機場擴建項目已成為斯堪的納維亞設計的精湛典范。該項目是世界上第一個達到英國建筑研究院環境評估方法（BREEAM）優秀等級的機場，距離獲得最高的卓越等級認證僅一步之遙。媒體稱贊其為未來機場的藍圖和世界上最環保的機場。

擴建包括了面積為52,000m2的出發大廳和抵達大廳的延伸、63,000m2的新建北側指廊及擴建的火車站——其總和幾乎使得原航站樓面積翻倍。擴建還包括了新的能源中心、新的陸側基礎建設和空側的延伸和新增設施。項目使得機場吞吐量從每年1900 萬增加至3200 萬人次，并有望增加至3600 萬人次。

作為整體可持續策略的一部分，機場與奧斯陸市中心的連通率可達70%。旅客最集中的抵達方式是乘坐每小時10 班次的火車。和歐洲各大機場相比是最高水平。建設過程中，機場和火車站均保持全面運行狀態。

現存結構啟發而非限制了我們的想象。我們的目標是完善既有設計的表達，尤其考慮到材料運用、層級和尺度。通過在原有建筑上擴建，同時為未來引入新元素，項目在通用建筑語言的范圍內，達成了這個目標。

新建的北指廊長300m，引入了全新的建筑表達——單曲面和雙曲面外表皮。北指廊航站樓和中央航站樓一樣，由膠合木結構和混凝土柱支撐。這些都塑造了機場的個性，同時具有前瞻性。

新建指廊在提供最大空間價值的同時擁有最小的外部圍合表皮。通過國內和國際區域交錯排布，達成最佳效率，確保旅客可使用所有登機門，使得建筑的占地面積顯著減少。建筑的外形可充分利用被動太陽能及日照，應用區域供暖和自然熱能等特色低碳技術。

貫穿設計階段的一項關鍵要求是通過測試和記錄的方式進行建筑材料的審批。新建指廊采用了兼具功能、美學和環境需求的橡木飾面。外立面玻璃的大面積使用，為觀賞周圍自然環境和變化的自然光線提供了視野，創造出時間感和場所感，利用被動太陽能的同時，減少日間人工照明的需求。

地面熱源技術的使用，可為機場提供熱能；機場雪庫存放的積雪可用作夏季冷卻劑，項目對能源的需求將顯著降低。提升的保溫性能和低空氣滲透率，使該項目達到被動房屋能源性能的典范性標準。

天然熱能的利用是擴建項目的可持續性策略的關鍵部分。大型雪庫保存了冬季從機場周邊活動區收集的積雪，用于航站樓的夏季制冷。該措施替代了約5MW 的冷卻設備能源，每年可節能2GW·h。其他低碳技術，如相鄰市政廢水凈化蓄熱、能量井、地下水蓄能和熱泵技術利用，均為節約與再利用能源所采取措施的范例。（王欣欣 譯）

The Oslo Airport Expansion has become an example of Scandinavian design at its best. It is the first airport in the world to achieve a BREEAM Excellent rating, only narrowly missing the highest possible rating: Outstanding. It has been hailed by media as the blueprint for future airports and the greenest airport in the world.

The expansion comprises of a 52,000m2 extension of the departures and arrivals hall, a 63,000m2 new northern pier and an expanded rail station - in total nearly doubling the size of the original terminal building. The expansion also included a new energy central, new landside infrastructure and airside extensions and facilities. It has increased the airport's capacity from 19 to 32 million passengers per year, with a further potential increase to 36 million.

As part of a holistic sustainability approach, the airport has 70% public transport connectivity to Oslo city centre; the vast majority arriving by one of the 10 trains per hour serving the airport. This is the highest percentage for any major airport in Europe. During construction, both the airport and rail station remained fully operational.

The existing structure has inspired, not inhibited our thinking, or restricted our ideas. The goal was to complement the existing design expression, especially considering material use, hierarchy and scale. The expansion achieves this by building on the original architecture, while introducing new elements for the future, all within a common architectural language.

The 300-metre long new northern pier features a brand-new architectural expression with both curved and double curved surfaces. The pier is, like the central building, held up by a glulam structure and concrete columns. It all contributes to the identity of the airport, while at the same time pointing to the future.

The curved form of the new pier provides maximum spatial value whilst having a minimal external envelope. Optimal efficiency is achieved by stacking the domestic and international zones in the pier - enabling all travellers to use all gates and giving the building a signif icantly smaller footprint. The shape of the building takes advantage of passive solar energy and sunlight, and features low-carbon technologies like district heating and natural thermal energy.

A key requirement throughout the design phase was the approval of building materials by testing and documentation. The new pier is clad in oak timber to combine functional, aesthetical and environmental demands. The extensive use of glass in the fa?ades provides views to the surrounding nature and changing natural light, creating a sense of time and place, while simultaneously taking advantage of passive solar energy and reducing the need for artif icial light in daytime.

Energy requirements will be extremely low due to the use of ground source heat technology to provide heating and the use of snow from the airport's snow storage depot as a coolant during summer. The enhanced levels of insulation and low air infiltration enable exemplary Passive House energy performance standards.

Utilising natural thermal energy was one of the key elements in the sustainability strategy for the new extension. A large snow depot preserves snow collected from airside areas during winter to provide cooling in the terminal during summer. This replaces approximately 5MW of energy from the cooling plants and represents an annual energy reduction of about 2GWh. Other low-carbon technologies such as heat retention through purified wastewater from the adjacent municipality, energy wells, ground water energy conservation and utilisation of heat pump technology, are all examples of measures implemented to save and reuse energy.

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2 出發前廳/Departure forecourt

3 出發大廳/Departure hall

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4 F層平面/Plan F

5 出發旅客候機區/Departure passenger waiting area

項目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: Oslo Lufthavn

主持建筑師/Principal Architect: Gudmund Stokke

設計團隊/Design Team: Christian Henriksen, Bj?rn Olav Sus?g, Eskild Andersen, Roald Sand, Astrid BuggeFr?vig, Christian von der Leyen, Christine Obmascher, Liv Aimee Halvorsen, Cornelia Fischer, Daniela Cardoso Tunheim, Erik Fonne, Erik Urheim, Tom Holtmann, Mari Dokken Bj?rge, Francois Chevalier, Morten M. R?der, GergelyJaszay, H?kon Folles?, Ingrid Motzfeldt, Imola Kinga, Ivar Ivars?y, John Philip Clark, J?rund Johansen, Michael Jankowski, Michael Olofsson, Soren Shen-Lung Lin, Julie Gedde-Dahl, Tormod Slevikmoen, Anders Doser, Peter Dang, Christina Walstad, Knut Ramstad, Ole T?rklep

合作單位/Partners: Nordic-Office of Architecture (leading office), COWI, Norconsult, Aas-Jakobsen, Per Rasmussen

項目顧問/Sub-Consultants: HSW, Hjellnes Consult, Bj?rbekk & Lindheim Bj?rbekk Landskapsarkitekter, Speirs + Major, BuroHappold Engineering, AKT II

建設公司/Construction Company: Avinor Oslo Lufthavn

服務范圍/Scope: 機場規劃設計，總體規劃，可持續設計，視覺設計，BIM設計，室內設計，家具設計，產品設計，設計管理/Airport planning and design, master planning, sustainability, visual group, BIM, interior design, furniture design, product design, design management

建筑面積/Architectural Area: 航站樓建筑面積/Terminal architectural area: 140,000m2; 總平面/Master plan: 13.5km2; 35,000,000旅客年吞吐量/35 MPA

成本/Cost: 14B NOK

設計時間/Design Period: 2009-2017

竣工時間/Completion Time: 2017.04.27

攝影/Photos: Ivan Brodey (fig.1,3,5,11,12), Dag Spant (fig.2), Knut Ramstad (fig.9,10)

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6 分區/Division

7 旅客到達流線/Passanger journey - Arrivals

8 旅客出發流線/Passanger journey - Departure

9 商業內景/Interior commercial pods

10 內景/Interior view

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11 出發大廳/Departure hall

評論

易田：奧斯陸機場擴建項目充分體現了建筑可持續發展的要義，很難想象在北歐極寒地帶可以實現擁有如此規模玻璃幕墻的航站樓建筑，其對天然能源的存儲與利用值得長足借鑒。航站樓占地非常集約，作為交通建筑的使用效率非常高，展現了建筑師對建筑功能性的深刻理解。航站樓的外形并不復雜，空間上通過V 柱形成的廣廳空間與波浪漫射吊頂形成的低矮空間做對比，創造了空間的節奏感。建筑材料上也盡力還原展示材料的天然性，體現混凝土、木材、石材等材料的本貌。

陽旭：奧斯陸航站樓主體呈三指廊構型，構型使得主要旅客的步行距離呈現均好性，得到了控制； B指廊與航站樓主體通過通道步行可達而不是設置近端衛星廳，可以減少擺渡車的使用；樓內廣泛使用木材或木質飾面，回收鋼材和與火山灰混合的特殊環保混凝土也得到了大量使用，與北歐當地地域特征相契合。整座航站樓廣泛采用生態節能技術，將其塑造成為可持續發展的典范。

Comments

YI Tian: Oslo Airport Expansion fully expressed the essence of sustainable architecture. It is hard to imagine the realisation of a terminal building with such large extent of glass curtain walls in Scandinavia's extremely cold climate region. The storage and utilisation of natural energy in this project is especially worth learning. The terminal building has a compact footprint. As a transportation building, its utilisation efficiency is significantly high. Apparently the architects have very deep understanding towards the functionality of architecture. The form of the terminal building is not complicated. A spatial rhythm is formed by the contrast between the grand space supported by V-shaped columns and the light-diffusing low wavy ceilings. In terms of materiality, the architects tried their best to reveal the natural appearance of the materials used, including concrete, wood and stone. (Translated by WANG Xinxin)

YANG Xu: The main body of Oslo Airport Terminal is in a three-finger pier configuration which makes the walking distance of most of passengers equal and controlled. B airside concourse is connected to the terminal through the passengers' available channel instead of setting up the proximal satellite hall, which can reduce the use of ferries. The extensive use of wood or wood finishes, and special environment-friendly concrete mixed by recycled steel and volcanic ash, are in keeping with the geographical characteristics of Scandinavia. The whole terminal adopts ecological energy-saving technology broadly, shaping it the exemplar of terminals of sustainable development. (Translated by PANG Lingbo)

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12 商業內景/Interior commercial pods