沈德剛
(接第4期)
三、主動語態變被動語態的方法
首先,把主動句的賓語改為被動句的主語。若賓語是人稱代詞,將賓格改為主格。其次,把主動句的謂語改為被動結構,即“be +及物動詞的過去分詞”。最后,把主動句的主語放在by后面作賓語。若主語是人稱代詞,將主格改為賓格。當動作的執行者無須說明或不必著重指出時,by及后面的賓語往往可以省略。如:
They grow rice in the fields. (改為被動語態)
→ Rice is grown by them in the fields.
【溫馨提示】
1.“不及物動詞+介詞/副詞”構成的短語動詞,變為被動句時,要把它們作為整體來看,介詞或副詞不可以和不及物動詞拆開或漏掉。如:
The head teacher put up the posters. (改為被動語態)
→ The posters were put up by the head teacher.
2. 含有雙賓語的主動句變為被動句時,可將主動句中的直接賓語或間接賓語變為被動句中的主語。若把主動句中的直接賓語(指物)變為被動句中的主語,則需要在間接賓語(指人)前面加介詞to或for。如:
Mum gave me a new bike. (改為被動語態)
→ I was given a new bike by Mum. (間接賓語作主語)
→ A new bike was given to me by Mum. (直接賓語作主語)
3. 在主動句中,使役動詞(如:make, let等)和感官動詞(如:see, watch, notice, hear等)后面常跟省略to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語。但在被動句中,這些詞后面的動詞不定式需要加上to。如:
The teacher made Tom answer the questions in class. (改為被動語態)
→ Tom was made to answer the questions in class by the teacher.
【中考例題】
4. The old over 90 not only by their family but also by the government in many places. (2018·新疆·烏魯木齊)
A. is looked at B. are taken good care of
C. are taken good care D. is looking after
解析:選B。the old表示一類人,看成復數。動詞短語take care of可以有被動語態,但短語中的介詞of不能省略。
四、不能用于被動語態的情況
1. 不及物動詞(短語)不能用于被動語態,要用主動語態,如:appear, rise, last, die, happen, come out, take place等。如:
The movie came out last year. 這部電影是去年問世的。
2. 某些動詞不表示動作,而是表示某種狀態或情況,通常不用于被動語態,要用主動語態,如:cost, fit, last, own, fail等。如:
This suit doesn’t fit me well. 這套西裝不怎么合我身。
3. 賓語是機關、 團體或組織機構的名稱時,不宜用被動語態,要用主動語態。如:
My brother joined the army last year. 去年我哥哥參軍了。
4. 賓語是動詞不定式(短語)或動名詞(短語)時,不宜用被動語態,要用主動語態。如:
Peter hoped to meet her. 彼得希望遇見她。
【中考例題】
5. —What a new look our city has!
—Yes. Great changes since 2008. (2019·廣西·賀州)
A. take place B. took place
C. have taken place D. are taking place
解析:選C。take place是不及物動詞短語,因此沒有被動語態。根據時間狀語since 2008可知,空白處要用現在完成時結構have taken place。
五、主動結構表示被動意義
1. 表示主語某種屬性或用途的動詞,其主動形式可以表示被動含義,如:sell, wash, write, wear, read等。如:
The pen writes smoothly. 這支鋼筆很好寫。
2. 某些動詞后面跟V-ing形式表示被動含義,如:need, require, worth等。如:
The window needs cleaning and the car needs washing. 窗戶需要擦干凈,車子需要沖洗。
3. 某些感官動詞加形容詞可表示被動含義,如:feel, look, smell, sound, taste等。如:
This piece of cake tastes delicious. 這塊蛋糕嘗起來美味可口。
【中考例題】
6. —Do you have Jay’s CDs?
—Sorry, they are . But we’ll get some more next week because they . (2018·陜西·西安)
A. sold well; are on sale B. sold out; sell well
C. selling well; sell well D. for sale; sell well
解析:選B。第一空表達“它們全被賣光了”,所以要用被動語態;第二空表示產品暢銷,使用sell well,以主動形式表達被動的意思。