動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

杜問為

一、不同時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

[時(shí)態(tài) 一般式 進(jìn)行式 完成式 現(xiàn)在時(shí) am / is / are asked am/is/are being asked have/has been asked 過去時(shí) was / were asked was/were being asked had been asked 將來時(shí) shall / will be asked shall / will have been asked 過去

將來時(shí) should / would be asked should / would have been asked ]

注意：

被動(dòng)語態(tài)的否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加not，短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)不可漏掉其中的介詞和副詞。例如：

Trees should not be planted in summer.

The boy was made fun of by his classmates.

二、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法

在英語中，被動(dòng)語態(tài)通常適合在下列場合適用：

1. 當(dāng)我們不知道或沒有必要說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰時(shí)。例如：

Those pyramids were built around 400 BC. 那些金字塔修建于公元前400年左右。

Visitors have been told many times not to touch the exhibits. 參觀者被多次告誡不要觸摸展品。

2. 為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或側(cè)重動(dòng)作的承受者，而不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。例如：

The suggestion was made by Mr. Hill. 這個(gè)建議是希爾先生提出的。

Such things are only eaten by animals. 這樣的東西只有動(dòng)物才吃。

3. 當(dāng)出于禮貌等方面的原因不宜說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。例如：

Books in the reference library must not be taken out of the room. 資料室的圖書不得帶出室外。

If books are not renewed or not returned on time to the library before they are due， a fine must be paid in accordance with the regulations. 如果不辦理續(xù)借或按時(shí)將圖書歸還圖書館，就得按規(guī)定罰款。

4. 在并列句和復(fù)合句中，為了避免換主語，使句子顯得緊湊、簡練，后面的分句（從句）可根據(jù)意義的需要使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如：

The picture was painted by a very good friend of mine whom I had not seen for years. 這張畫是我的一位多年不見的好友畫的。

Mr. Smith came in and was immediately surrounded by his students. 史密斯先生一進(jìn)來就被他的學(xué)生圍住了。

5. 有些句子習(xí)慣上使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如：

Karl Marx was born on May 5th， 1818 in Germany. 卡兒·馬克思1818年5月5日出生在德國。

It is said that he knows some very influential people. 據(jù)說他認(rèn)識(shí)一些非常有影響的人物。

三、主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換

主動(dòng)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語態(tài)，根據(jù)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，可分為下列幾種情況：

1. “主語+謂語+賓語”結(jié)構(gòu)的句子轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，先將主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語（賓語如為人稱代詞，須將賓格變?yōu)橹鞲瘢?然后將主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)形式;最后將主動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)by的賓語（如果為代詞，主格須變?yōu)橘e格）。by 短語如無必要指出時(shí)，可省略。例如：

They teach English in their school. →

English is taught （by them） in their school.

The man killed the bird with a stone yesterday. →

The bird was killed with a stone by the man yesterday.

2. “主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語”結(jié)構(gòu)的句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，常常把前面那個(gè)指人的間接賓語用作被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語，也可把后面那個(gè)指物的直接賓語用作主語，但此時(shí)須在間接賓語前加上介詞to或for。例如：

I gave her a book as a birthday present. →

She was given a book as a birthday present by me.

A book was given to her as a birthday present by me.

My father bought me an English-Chinese dictionary. →

I was bought an English-Chinese dictionary by my father.

An English-Chinese dictionary was bought for me by my father.

3. “主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”結(jié)構(gòu)的句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，只將主動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語，謂語動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)，賓語補(bǔ)足語相應(yīng)地變?yōu)橹髡Z補(bǔ)足語。例如：

You must keep this room clean and tidy. →

This room must be kept clean and tidy.

The teacher told him to be quiet. →

He was told to be quiet.

在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中，感官動(dòng)詞see， watch， notice， observe， hear等和使役動(dòng)詞make等后，要用不帶to的不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語。但當(dāng)這些動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，不定式前必須帶to。例如：

I heard her sing the English song yesterday. →

She was heard to sing the English song yesterday.

We saw him go out. →

He was seen to go out.

四、主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義

1. 某些連系動(dòng)詞（如look， sound， smell， feel， taste， prove等）要用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)，因?yàn)檫B系動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞，它們沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式。例如：

My advice proved to be wrong. 我的意見證實(shí)是錯(cuò)的。

2. 當(dāng)open， shut， lock， move等用作不及物動(dòng)詞且表示主語的某種屬性時(shí)，通常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例如：

The window won?t lock. 這窗戶鎖不住。

注意：該用法的不及物動(dòng)詞通常與can?t， won?t 等連用，注意它與用被動(dòng)語態(tài)含義不同。例如：

The window won?t shut. 這窗戶關(guān)不上。（說明主語的屬性：窗戶有問題了）

The window won?t be shut. 這窗戶不用關(guān)上。（窗戶本身沒問題，只是不用關(guān)上）

3. 當(dāng)read， wash， clean， cook， cut， wear， carry等用作不及物動(dòng)詞且表示主語的某種屬性時(shí)，通常要用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例如：

This shirt will wear very long. 這襯衫可以穿很久。

注意：該用法通常與well， easily， slowly， quickly等副詞連用，并且在作以上意思解時(shí)通常不宜直接使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式。

4. 不定式to blame， to let用作表語時(shí)，通常要用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例如：

Who is to blame？ 該怪誰呢？

The house is to let. 此屋出租。

5. 某些“be+形容詞+to do”結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式通常要用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例如：

The poem is not easy to understand. 這首詩不容易理解。

6. be worth后的動(dòng)名詞要用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例如：

This might be worth thinking about. 這可能值得考慮。

7. 在need， want， require等少數(shù)表示“需要”的動(dòng)詞后的動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例如：

The plants want watering every day. 這些花草得天天澆水。

He needs operating on at once. 他需要馬上做手術(shù)。

注意：以上結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)名詞改用不定式則要用被動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例如：

This sentence needs explaining / to be explained. 這個(gè)句子需要解釋。

五、被動(dòng)語態(tài)和系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別

“be+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)既屬于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，也可能是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。二者主要區(qū)別是：被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，重點(diǎn)說明動(dòng)作是由誰完成的以及怎樣完成的，而系表結(jié)構(gòu)通常表示主語的特征或所處的狀態(tài)。例如：

When we arrived， the door was locked. 我們到達(dá)時(shí)，門是鎖著的。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）

We didn?t know when the door was locked. 我們不知道門是什么時(shí)候被鎖上的。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）

The cup is broken. 這個(gè)杯子是破的。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）

The cup was broken by my little brother yesterday. 這個(gè)杯子是我弟弟昨天打破的。（被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)）