運城市2020年果樹幼果期凍害情況調查分析研究

張健 袁嘉瑋 王璐

摘 要：2020年4月中下旬華北地區溫度波動劇烈，各省市均有不同程度凍害發生。根據不同果樹幼果期凍害等級指標劃分，對運城市果樹主產區主要果樹受災情況進行調查，分析運城市果樹幼果期不同程度凍害發生成因并提出防御對策。調查結果表明，果園凍害發生程度與地形、地勢有關，處于沿河的低海拔低洼地帶發生程度較重;果園栽培管理模式與凍害發生程度相關，凍前未采取措施、郁閉度高的果園發生凍害程度較重。果園受凍后應采取噴施藥劑、加強水肥和病蟲害管理等措施，受嚴重凍害后應積極發展林下經濟以降低經濟損失。

關鍵詞：果樹;幼果期凍害;防御措施

文章編號：2096-8108（2020）05-0019-03 ?中圖分類號：S425 ?文獻標識碼：A

Abstract：In the middle and late April of 2020， the temperature fluctuated sharply in North China.Many provinces and cities suffered different degrees of freezing injury. According to the classification of freezing injury of different fruit trees in their young fruit stage， the investigation to the main fruit trees in in the main production area of Yuncheng City were made. The causes of different degrees of freezing injury of the fruit trees in Yuncheng City were analyzed and the defensive measures were put forward. The result showed that the occurrence degree of freezing injury in orchard was related to terrain and topography， which was more severe in low elevation and low-lying areas along the river. The management mode of orchard cultivation was related to the occurrence degree of freezing injury. The orchard suffered more freezing injury were the ones with no measures before freezing with high canopy density. After serious freezing injury， measure like spraying medicament， enhancing water and fertilizer as well as pest management should be taken and the undergrowth economy should be actively developed after the serious freezing injury to reduce the economic losses.

Keywords：fruit trees; freezing injury in young fruit stage; countermeasure

在溫室效應的影響下，冬季氣溫逐漸變暖且春季冷空氣活動異常，導致果樹凍害頻發。近年來運城市各農作物生育期較30年前普遍提前，其中果樹開花期提前7～10 d，為凍害頻繁發生創造了條件。2010-2020年共發生4次凍害，其中2018年4月初我市發生的花期凍害主要表現為雌蕊易凍傷，花柱和柱頭顏色變褐、變黑直至萎蔫，雌蕊凍傷后無法坐果，造成果樹大面積絕收。此次凍害發生于4月下旬，果樹主要受損器官為幼果，與2018年凍害有很大差異。目前，凍害是果樹栽培中最常遇到的自然氣象災害之一，對果樹生產帶來巨大的損失。

2020年4月24日凌晨運城市發生較重的晚霜凍災害天氣，降溫幅度降大，全市12個縣區最低溫度在-4.5 ℃～0.4 ℃，其中，聞喜、萬榮、絳縣、稷山、河津、芮城、垣曲等6縣低于-2 ℃的持續時間為3～5 h;最低氣溫在-3.4（夏縣、平陸）～4.8（河津）之間，聞喜、夏縣、平陸小于-2 ℃的時持續時間為2～4 h。……