ABSTRACTS

Public History and the Environment⊙Martin V. Melosi，trans.， Mei Xueqin & Huang Yunzi

Environmental history—as it emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s in America—was born of “advocacy”， and spawned by the modern environmental movement. Environmental history is a field swelling with promise， but it is still tethered too tightly to its academic post. The production of good scholarly books and articles alone does not insure a readership among a variety of intended audiences. Nor does it guarantee that policymakers， business leaders， or environmentalists will act upon the “lessons of history”. The subject of the environment has been welcomed into the public history domain for some years. Articles dealing with environmental questions regularly appear in The Public Historian. Consulting firms， museums， archives， historical agencies， and government historical offices conduct numerous environmental projects. But these activities do not yet add up to a clear relationship between public history and environmental history. The work of academic historians， consultants， and institutional historians already offers an impressive range of perspectives on the environment， but the specter of “advocacy” has imposed limits on the work of all three groups， and has limited the potential of environmental history in the public realm. There is a need to address frontally the question of advocacy， and broadening the range of historical questions asked is a part of the solution. The author is more inclined to treat environmental history as a mode of thinking， a tool for studying human interaction with the physical environment. An intellectual middleground needs to be found in which pertinent environmental policy studies with significant historical roots are devised with the primary intent of reaching the public. The convergent skills and expertise of all three dimensions of environmental history can be forged into pieces meant to attract the attention of policy makers and the public. While environmental history may not have common roots for academic and public historians， both groups share many common interests. Let environmental history be a means to make the value of history better understood to the public. Let the richness of our profession offer leadership in understanding the essential relationship of humans to their physical world.

An Interview with Professor Martin V. Melosi on Environmental History and Public History

⊙Martin V. ?Melosi， Mei Xueqin & Liu Daijun

Martin Melosi， a professor emeritus at University of Houston， visited the Department of History at Tsinghua University for a three-day lecture and exchange from September 17 to 19， 2019 at the invitation of Professor Mei Xueqin. Shortly after returning to America， Melosi was interviewed about issues of environmental history and public history that attracted the academic attention from Professor Mei Xueqin and many students from Tsinghua University. The interview was hosted by Liu Daijun， who was admitted into the history department of Tsinghua University as a PhD candidate in 2018. Liu was studying as an exchange student at Syracuse University in the US. After getting in touch with Melosi and obtaining his consent， she conducted a video interview via Skype. She sorted out the interview draft， and submitted it to Melosi for review and modification. Later， Liu Daijun translated the interview into Chinese and had it corrected by Professor Mei Xueqin. In the interview， Melosi answered the questions from four parts， namely， environmental history， public history， the relationship between environmental history and public history， and public questions， which were very rich in content. During the interview， he mentioned repeatedly that a researcher should spare no efforts to become an expert both in the field of his interest and the field related to his interest. This point， which Melosi emphasizes， is central to interdisciplinary research， both in terms of environmental history and public history.

European Society and Climate in the 16th-18th Centuries

⊙Emmanuel Garnier， trans.， Zhou Lihong

Faced with climate disasters such as floods and droughts in the 16th to 18th centuries， European society believed that it was the God who vented his anger on the sinful creatures. Thus religious processions were usually held to show peoples obedience to God. The processions increased in the 1520s， gradually decreased after 1610， rose slightly again during the reign of Louis XIV， and then faded away. From the latter half of the 17th century， some independent thinkers began to doubt about the measures of struggling with the climate disasters， believing that the climatic anomalies were due to more natural causes than Gods judgment. In the latter half of the 18th century， the French Royal Medical Society was established， and with the help of Neo-Hippocratic doctors， the first national climate network was built to conduct a large-scale study， making it possible to shift from a divine world to a world guided by rationality and science. With the strengthening of the administrative machinery， some European countries developed effective scientific methods， gradually taking responsibility for climate change and helping to raise public awareness of climate risks.

An Overview of Emmanuel Garniers Climate History Lecture Series⊙Yue Fangfei

At the invitation of the Department of History of Sun Yat-Sen University， Emmanuel Garnier gave four lectures on climate history at Sun Yat-Sen University from October 17 to 25， 2019. He reviewed the historiography of European climate history research and shared his latest research results and experience. In the perspective of global history， he expounded his views on European environmental history research. By presenting plenty of historical data， he discussed some historical events caused by climate disasters such as the French Revolution. He also focused on the geography of China and the differences with France based on the collections of the Missions étrangères de Paris. Emmanuel Garnier inherits the tradition of quantitative history and the interdisciplinary methods of Annales School， which makes his climate history research original and enlightening. He not only has renewed the cognition of French history from the perspective of local history， but also rethought the history of mankind from the perspective of climate.

Green Development Road of Poverty Alleviation： The Gist of Xi Jinpings Statements on Ecological Poverty Alleviation⊙Li Juan

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes that poverty alleviation and development should be combined with the protection of ecological environment. He has made a series of speeches on the ecological poverty alleviation strategy in the new era， explaining its multi-dimensional value， practical methods and security system. Ecological poverty alleviation is conducive to reconstructing the endogenous driving force of poverty reduction， consolidating the results of poverty alleviation， and maintaining the ecological security of the entire country. Ecological poverty alleviation should be implemented with different measures according to different local conditions. In national key ecological function areas or nature reserves， it is necessary to establish ecological compensation mechanism; in non-key ecological function areas with natural resources， it is necessary to build ecological industry mechanism; in poverty-stricken areas where the natural resources cannot support the local livelihood， it is necessary to build an ecological migration mechanism for poverty alleviation. Ecological poverty alleviation needs to be carried out with three major workable guarantee systems： funds， land and organization. It is of both theoretical and practical significance to have an in-depth understanding of Xi Jinpings important statements on ecological poverty alleviation for the decisive battle against poverty and the success in building a well-off society in an all-round way.

On the Ecological Evolution and Formation of Tunpu Ethnic Group in Guizhou

⊙Jiang Shuzhuo & Zheng Shoubin

The Tunpu ethnic group has been constantly evolving since its transfer from the north to the south. There are three main reasons for the Tunpu ethnic group to stay away from the evolution of mainstream Han culture. First of all， the habitat and historical dilemma， which is distinct from the mainstream Han culture， prompted the Tunpu people to have a new cultural adaptability. Secondly， due to the distance from the Central Plains and the sense of ethnic crisis， the Tunpu ethnic group has more adhered to the genes of the Han culture， and has shown a genetic variation and evolutionary speed different from the mainstream Han culture. Finally， in the Tunpu ecosystem there is the hierarchical cultural aggregation which to a certain extent stabilizes the social and cultural structure of Tunpu.

A Brief History of Cli-Fi and a Tentative Construction of the Anthropocene Cli-Fi Criticism

⊙Jiang Lifu

The 21st century has witnessed the frequent climate disasters on the earth， and correspondingly Western Cli-Fi has developed so fast that it has become a new literary genre， thereby ushering in the popularity of Cli-Fi studies and criticism. Disclosing the origin of Western climate writing， clarifying the timeline of Cli-Fi and exploring a new critical discourse have become a necessity and must to initiate the Cli-Fi study. This paper aims to track the origin of climate writing， review the birth， growth and extension of climate change stories， and illustrate the appearance and rise of contemporary Anthropocene Cli-Fi by focusing upon the stories about flood， extreme coldness and global warming in consideration of the human civilization progression and specific historical context. It is argued that different forms of climate change writing reflect peoples different cognition and imagination of the earth and climate in different phases. With a close look into global warming and the issue of climate change， the Anthropocene Cli-Fi in the new century is characterized with distinct features of the Anthropocene epoch and “near-future” realism. This paper attempts to construct the Anthropocene climate criticism and explain concepts such as “climate violence”， “climate violence distance” and more importantly， build the framework of three-dimensional climate violence distance in the hope of offering discourse support for Cli-Fi studies and criticism while emphasizing the dynamic role of climate change.

Toward an Eco-cosmopolitan Community： The Path of Cli-fi and Cli-fi Studies

⊙Li Jialuan

Against the backdrop of the Anthropocene， global climate change is a “hyperobject” that transcends regional and national borders and species boundaries. The very nature of the climate change demands that the barriers of anthropocentrism deep rooted in our social and cultural traditions and localism in early eco-literature and ecocriticism be broken， and calls for a turn from bioregionalism to eco-cosmopolitanism. Climate fiction （cli-fi）featuring climate change reflects the turn while the research on the new genre of cli-fi carried out in environmental humanities explicitly proposes to establish an eco-cosmopolitan community.

Climate Change and the Speculative Memory： On the Anthropocene Narrative in Bacigalupis “The Tamarisk Hunter”⊙Ge Youran & Jiang Lifu

Climate change， the key representation of the Anthropocene， is usually described as “elusive” because of the spatiotemporal derangement of cause and effect of climate change events， and is also regarded as a great challenge for the Anthropocene narrative. The “speculative memory” proposed by Richard Crownshaw turns out to be an effective literary device in dealing with such derangement and makes it possible to reasonably link the past， future and present in climate change narrative. In “The Tamarisk Hunter”， Bacigalupi visualizes the “speculative memory” by creating landscape memory and traumatic memory for the three main characters—Lolo， Travis and Annie to unveil the slow violence and “solastalgia” hidden in the traditional time-space dimension. Through memory writing， the author effectively reveals the infinite expansion of human desire to conquer nature， depicts the politicization of natural resources and the manipulation of life driven by the desire to survive and seek profits， and makes a final touch of speculating and showing what the Anthropocene era is like while diagnosing the disorders.

The Influence of Rural Domestic Coal Management on Farmers Lives and the Prevention of Environmental Risks：A Case Study of Y Village， Binzhou City， Shandong Province

⊙Ren Xiaodi

Rural domestic coal governance has multiple functions such as controlling urban smog， promoting rural modernization and integration of urban and rural services， and improving the rural living environment. However， changes in the household energy use structure have brought some negative effects on family relations and the rural social environment. The experience of “coal to gas” project in Y village shows that it on the one hand promotes the modernization of farmers family life and the individualization of their relationship， but on the other hand generates environmental risks such as potential safety hazards of energy facilities， non-recyclable disposal of agricultural wastes， and unsustainable problems of “coal removal” of household energy structure. While fully affirming that the rural domestic coal management has enhanced farmers sense of gain and modern life quality， it is necessary to reconstruct the family communication structure to bridge the fragmentation of family relations， as well as through measures such as safety and environmental education， agricultural waste recycling， stimulating farmers subjectivity， etc.， to achieve the integration of clean energy into rural life.

The Inescapable Toxicity： On Being Dumped Being Dumped

⊙Michael Marder， trans.， Yang Xiaoli

In this article， Michael Marder interprets the “toxic flood” we are living or dying through as a global dump. On his reading， multiple levels of existence—from the psychic to the physiological， from the environmental-elemental to the planetary—are being converted into a dump， a massive and still growing hodgepodge of industrial and consumer by-products and emissions; shards of metaphysical ideas and theological dreams; radio-active materials; light， sound， and other modes of sensory pollution; pesticides and herbi-cides; and so forth. Toxicity targets our bodily tissues， senses， and minds， not to mention our worlds， without individuating us in this targeting， as indifferent and random as the global dump that nourishes it. Disrupting metabolism at every scrambled register of exis-tence， it waxes into what Marder calls “ontological toxicity”， the mangled parts of the dump that do not pass through and out of being and， in not passing， warrant the annihilation， the rapid passing away， of all else. In an ontologically toxic state， the meaning of being is being dumped.

On Italys Construction of the Environment Governance System and Its Significance to China

⊙Xie Linbo & Ding Jinguang

With the increasing attention of the international community to environmental protection and the further severity of domestic environmental problems， the Italian Government attaches so great importance to environmental protection work that it has issued a series of environmental protection and sustainable development policies and measures， and constructed a workable environment governance system and made remarkable achievements. Italy has actively promoted the construction of environment governance system through measures such as protecting the ecological environment according to law， improving the environmental protection management system， using economic management means， promoting research， development and application of environmental protection science and technology， carrying out environmental education activities， and strengthening international environmental cooperation. The Italian environmental protection measures are characterized by the formulation of environmental law and environmental policy under the framework of the European Union， the gradual systematization of environmental protection principles， and the increasing refinement of environmental management. China should learn from Italys successful experience in order to build a modernized environmental governance system， propel the innovation of environmental protection science and technology and transformation of its achievements， and raise citizens awareness of environmental protection.

A Review of Researches on Organic Agriculture and Organic Food in China in the Past 30 Years（1990-2020）⊙Lu Chengren

Since the first organic certification in 1990， organic agriculture has been developing in China for 30 years. In the past 30 years， Chinas organic agriculture research has achieved many results， aroused some controversial but useful debates， and also nurtured peoples awareness on some important issues. Focusing on the review of organic agriculture and organic food research in the past 30 years， this paper puts the development of organic agriculture in China into the global context to explore its local origin and characteristics. In the distinction between bioagriculture and social agriculture， it focuses on food selection and production types and moral hazards， organic food trust construction， organic certification experience research and other nine aspects， analyzing and summarizing the research achievements and gains in the past 30 years. On the basis of reflection on past research， from the perspective of the intersection of Chinese consciousness and global background， it puts forward the further direction of organic agriculture research in the aspects of combining biological agriculture and social agriculture， forming the impact on the existing knowledge system， and coordinately upgrading research methods and knowledge quality， etc.

責任編輯：王俊暐