孫玉忠
主謂一致,顧名思義,就是指英語句子中的謂語動詞在數、人稱、時態等方面要和主語保持一致。這與漢語的思維方式有所不同,容易被同學們所忽視。下面本文對主謂一致的易考點進行歸納,希望能對同學們的學習有所幫助。
考點一、主謂一致三原則
主謂一致涉及三個基本原則,即語法一致原則、意義一致原則和就近原則。
1. 語法一致:語法一致是指主語和謂語在單復數形式上的一致關系,主語為單數形式,謂語動詞用單數形式;反之,謂語動詞用復數形式。
2. 意義一致:意義一致是說謂語動詞的單、復數要取決于主語所表達的概念,而不取決于表面上的語法標記。
(1) 主語形式雖為單數,但意義為復數,謂語動詞用復數;
(2) 主語形式為復數,而意義上卻是單數,謂語動詞用單數。
3. 就近原則:就近原則是指當主語由兩個或兩個以上名詞或代詞組成時,謂語動詞的數要與它緊鄰的名詞或代詞的數一致。當主語由either... or..., neither... nor..., not only... but also..., not... but... 等連接時,要遵循就近原則。
考點二、對謂語動詞用單數情況的考查
1. 可數名詞的單數及不可數名詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數。
2. “more than one+單數名詞”作主語時,謂語用單數。
3. “many a+單數名詞”作主語時,謂語用單數。
4. 以-s結尾的單數名詞作主語時,謂語用單數,例如:news, works, physics, maths等以及書名、報紙以及國家的名稱等的復數名詞。
5. no / each / every / many a+單數名詞+and+no / each / every / many a+單數名詞作主語時,謂語用單數。
6. a kind of / a sort of / a type of / a series of +名詞作主語時,謂語用單數。
7. 復合不定代詞作主語時,謂語用單數。
8. each, either, neither, (a) little或much作主語或修飾主語時,謂語用單數。
9. 時間、距離、價格、度量衡的復數名詞作主語時,謂語用單數。
10. 運算數詞作主語時,謂語用單數。
11. 兩個單數名詞用and 連接表示一個概念或不可分的整體,作主語時,謂語用單數。
12. 主語從句、動詞不定式、動詞V-ing 形式作主語時,謂語動詞用單數。
13. a great / good deal of, the number of +可數名詞,a large amount of +不可數名詞,作主語時,謂語動詞用單數。
考點三、對謂語動詞用復數情況的考查
1. 集合名詞,如:people, police, cattle, crew, clothes, public等作主語時,謂語用復數。
2. 由兩部分構成的物體的復數名詞作主語時,謂語用復數。
3. 兩個單數名詞用both或both... and...連接兩個人或物,作主語時,謂語用復數,但要注意前后兩個名詞前都有冠詞。
4. “the+形容詞 / 動詞過去分詞 / 動詞V-ing 形式”可以表示一類人,當這一結構作主語時,謂語用復數形式。
5. 兩個形容詞共同修飾一個單數名詞,若兩個形容詞前都帶有冠詞,作主語時,謂語用復數。
6. 有些特殊詞(組),如:a number of +名詞的復數;population的百分比等作主語時,謂語用復數。
考點四、對謂語動詞就近原則的考查
1. 在下列短語連接兩個并列成分作主語時,謂語動詞要和與其最近的主語保持一致:
either... or... , neither... nor..., not only... but also..., not... but...等。
2. There be 結構+并列短語,be的形式和與其最近的主語保持一致。
考點五、對謂語動詞的單復數看情況而定和綜合運用的考查
1. “主語+ 介詞短語”結構,謂語動詞的人稱和數由主語決定,其結構如:主語+with / along with / as well as / besides / like / without / except / but / including / not+謂語。
2. 集合名詞作主語時,謂語動詞可用單數,也可用復數。主要由句子的意思或上下文決定。
強調整體時謂語動詞用單數;強調其中的一個成員時,謂語動詞用復數。這一類常見的集合名詞有:people, public, family, class, crowd, population, team, group等。
3. 不定代詞all, more, most, some, any, none作主語時,謂語動詞視情況而定。
4. part of / half of / majority of / percent of / one third of +名詞,作主語時,謂語動詞要與of 后面的名詞保持一致。
5. a lot of (lots of ) / plenty of / a large quantity of +名詞,后面的名詞是中心詞,謂語動詞根據短語動詞后面的名詞數而定。
6. a number of / a group of / a variety of + 名詞,作主語時,謂語用復數;the number of / the group of / the variety of + 名詞,作主語時,謂語用單數。
7. 有些名詞,單、復數同形,作主語時,其謂語動詞由上、下文決定。這一類名詞有:means, works (工廠), deer, fish, sheep, Chinese, Japanese等。
8. none, neither作主語時,謂語動詞用單數,也可以用復數。
【跟蹤精練】
I. 單句改錯。
1. The number of visitors are very large this year.
2. Jane and Mary looks very alike from appearance.
3. The crowd was running for their lives.
4. The news are very exciting to every of us.
5. Either your students or Wang know this.
6. His family are large in our village.
7. The whole family was watching TV, when I knocked at the door.
8. The population in China are very large, but 80% of that are farmers.
9. Some sheep is over there.
10. The doctor?s are on the side of the street.
II. 用括號內所給單詞的正確形式填空。
1. One evening she told me that something happened when her parents ____?(be) out.
2. There ____?(be) a table, several chairs in the old house.
3. The great writer and professor ____?(be) going to our school next week.
4. The scientist and the engineer ____?(have) invented a new machine.
5. Alice, together with her friends, ____?(be) punished for having broken the school rules.
6. Every girl and every boy ____?(have) the right to join the club.
7. —____?(be) either she or you to go and attend the meeting?
—Neither she nor I ____?(be).
8. —Is there anybody in the classroom?
—No, the teacher as well as the students ____?(have) gone to the playground.
9. None of the money ____?(be) his.
10. A knife and fork ____?(be) on the table. A pen and a pencil ____?(be) on the desk.
III. 翻譯下列句子。
1. 2017年3月香港政府給每個年滿18歲的男女6000港元。
_________________________
2. 要么你錯了,要么她錯了。
_________________________
3. 他還有我都想去劃船。
_________________________
4. 我們每人有一個錄音機。
_________________________
5. 容許三周的必要準備時間。
_________________________
6. 他的家人都是音樂愛好者。
_________________________
7. 他的大部分錢都花在書上了。
_________________________
8. 大多數學生正積極參加體育活動。
_________________________
9. 許多人都讀過這本書。
_________________________
10. 百分之六十多的學生都來自城市。
_________________________
IV. 用括號內所給動詞的正確形式完成下面的短文。
Why 1. ____(be) so many people including all kinds of age so afraid of failure? Quite simply because no one 2. ____?(tell) us how to fail so that failure becomes an experience that will lead to growth. We forget that failure 3. ____(be) part of the human condition and that every person 4. ____?(have) the right to fail.
The old work hard so that either they 5. ____?(be) preventing failure or their child
6.____?(follow) their example. One way 7. ____?(be) to lower standards. A child who is not invited to a birthday party, who 8. ____(do) not make the honor roll on the baseball team, feels terrible, of course. But parents should not offer a quick consolation (安慰), prize or say, “It doesn?t matter, because it does. The young should be allowed to experience disappointment—and be helped to master it.
Failure is never pleasurable. It 9. ____?(hurt) grown-ups and children alike. But it can make a positive contribution to your life once you learn to use it. Step one 10. ____?(be) to ask “Why did I fail?”