史夢竹 李建宇 池麗霞 馬妍麗 鄭麗禎 傅建煒



摘要:【目的】明確空心蓮子草葉片特征及生長期對蓮草直胸跳甲產卵選擇的影響,為蓮草直胸跳甲的大量繁殖及空心蓮子草的生物防治提供指導。【方法】采用選擇性試驗,接蟲后24 h測定蓮草直胸跳甲對空心蓮子草的葉位、葉片性狀(長寬比和表皮毛密度)的產卵選擇情況;采用籠罩試驗,測定空心蓮子草生長期(苗期、生長期和老葉期)以及原有落卵量(0、1、2和4塊/株)對蓮草直胸跳甲產卵選擇的影響。【結果】蓮草直胸跳甲成蟲喜好產卵在葉位3和葉位4上,在葉位3和葉位4上的卵塊數和卵粒數分別占總數的81.52%和81.10%,顯著高于葉位1和葉位2(P<0.05,下同),且這2個葉位的平均葉片長寬比顯著大于葉位1和葉位2;偏好在葉背表皮毛密度適中的葉片產卵。蓮草直胸跳甲對空心蓮子草葉片背面(95.65%)和靠近葉片端部(61.96%)位置的產卵選擇率顯著高于葉片正面(4.35%)和葉片基部(38.04%)位置。蓮草直胸跳甲對生長期植株和未被產卵的空心蓮子草葉片的產卵選擇率分別為55.09%和45.26%,顯著高于其他處理。【結論】蓮草直胸跳甲喜好將卵產在葉片長寬比較大的空心蓮子草的葉位3和葉位4,被產卵葉片表皮毛密度適中;蓮草直胸跳甲對空心蓮子草葉片背面和靠近葉片端部的位置產卵選擇率高,且偏好在生長期植株和未被產卵的空心蓮子草葉片上產卵。
關鍵詞: 蓮草直胸跳甲;空心蓮子草;產卵選擇;葉片特征;生長期;落卵量
中圖分類號: S476? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻標志碼: A 文章編號:2095-1191(2020)09-2174-07
Effects of Alternanthera philoxeroides leaf characteristics and growth period on oviposition preferences and selection of Agasicles hygrophila Selma & Vogt
SHI Meng-zhu1, LI Jian-yu2,3, CHI Li-xia1, MA Yan-li3, ZHENG Li-zhen2, FU Jian-wei1,3*
(1Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Fujian Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality & Safety, Fuzhou? 350001, China; 2Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests/Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou? 350013, China; 3Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control
for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou? 350002, China)
Abstract:【Objective】The effects of leaf characteristics and growth period of Alternanthera philoxeroides on the oviposition preferences and selection of Agasicles hygrophila Selma & Vogt were determined to provide guidance for the mass rearing of A. hygrophila and biological control of A. philoxeroides. 【Method】A selective test was conducted to determine the oviposition of A. hygrophila on different leaf positions and leaf characters (length-width ratio and trichome density) of A. philoxeroides after 24 h, and the effects of A. philoxeroides growing period(seedling stage, growing stage and later growth stage) and the existed egg amount(0, 1, 2, 4? egg clusters per plant) on the oviposition selection of A. hygrophila were studied by cage method. 【Result】The results showed that A. hygrophila adults preferred to lay eggs on leaf position 3 and leaf position 4, egg clusters and egg number on leaf position 3 and leaf position 4 accounted for 81.52% and 81.10% of the total, which were significantly higher than those of leaf positions 1 and 2(P<0.05, the same below). And the average leaf length to width ratio of these two leaf positions was higher than those of? leaf position 1 and 2. A. hygrophi-la adults laid more eggs on leaves with moderate density of trichome on the leaf back. The oviposition selection rate on the leaf back(95.65%) and near the top of the leaves(61.96%) was significantly higher than that of the leaf front(4.35%) and leaf base(38.04%). The oviposition selective rates on the plants during the growing period and on the leaves of A. philoxeroides which were not laid were 55.09% and 45.26%, respectively, which were significantly higher than other treatments. 【Conclusion】A. hygrophila likes to lay eggs in the leaves of position 3 and position 4 with the high ratio of leaf length to width and the moderate density of trichome; the oviposition selection rates are higher on the back and near the tip of A. philoxeroides leaves, A. hygrophila adults prefer to lay eggs on the growing plants and on the leaves of A. philoxeroides without eggs.
Key words: Agasicles hygrophila Selma & Vogt; Alternanthera philoxeroides; oviposition preferences and selection; leaf characteristics; growth period; existed eggs
Foundation item: National Natural Science Foundation of China(31901951);Extension Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(GJYS2019002); Major Project for Agriculture Science and Technology of Fujian(2017NZ0003-1-1);Project for Science and Technology Innovation Team Construction of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science (STIT2017-1-12)
0 引言
【研究意義】空心蓮子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)隸屬于莧科(Amaranthaceae)蓮子草屬(Alternanthera Forsk),是一種外來入侵惡性雜草,原產于巴西,現已遍及美洲、澳洲、亞洲和非洲的許多國家和地區(Shi et al.,2019),對我國生物多樣性和農業生態系統等造成了嚴重危害,被列為我國首批16種重要外來入侵物種之一(中國國家環境保護總局和中國科學院,2003)。蓮草直胸跳甲(Agasicles hygrophila Selma & Vogt)隸屬于鞘翅目(Coleoptera)葉甲科(Chrysomelidae),起源于南美洲,是空心蓮子草的專食性天敵(Guo et al.,2012),用于外來入侵雜草空心蓮子草的生物防治,防控效果顯著(周忠實等,2011;史夢竹等,2012)。昆蟲與植物經過長期的協同進化,已形成各種互作關系。昆蟲的產卵行為是其發育過程中繁衍后代、維持種群數量的重要環節(楊小凡等,2017)。昆蟲的產卵選擇性是反映昆蟲與寄主植物之間的相互關系之一,對后代的存活和生長發育具有重要作用,合適的寄主植物可為幼蟲提供良好的食物來源,使種群適合度最大化,昆蟲常將卵產在最適宜后代生長發育的寄主植物和部位(Doddala et al.,2016)。因此,研究空心蓮子草葉片特征對蓮草直胸跳甲產卵選擇的影響,有助于更好地掌握該蟲的產卵習性,對蓮草直胸跳甲的大量繁殖和空心蓮子草的生物防控均具有重要意義。【前人研究進展】寄主植物選擇在昆蟲進化過程中具有重要作用,對于植食性昆蟲而言,植物不僅是昆蟲的食物來源,更為其提供生活場所,繁衍后代(董子舒等,2017)。寄主植物的種類和部位在昆蟲產卵選擇中具有重要影響。何超等(2018)在實驗室條件下采用生物測定法研究了八角、花椒和生姜等6種非寄主植物對井上蛀果斑螟(Assara inouei)成蟲壽命和產卵等生物學指標的影響,結果發現八角對井上蛀果斑螟的產卵量和繁殖力均有較強的抑制作用;孔維娜等(2018)在室內進行了梨小食心蟲(Grapholita molesta)雌蟲對不同種類(桃、梨和蘋果)寄主嫩梢和果實的產卵選擇性試驗,發現不同世代梨小食心蟲的產卵地點受到不同寄主種類的顯著影響,越冬代、第2代和第3代雌蟲偏愛在梨果、桃梢上產卵;巴吐西等(2020)比較分析了草地貪夜蛾對玉米和小麥兩種作物的產卵選擇性,結果表明草地貪夜蛾更喜歡在玉米上產卵,且在葉片與莖稈上的產卵量存在顯著差異。寄主植物形態結構也是影響植食性昆蟲對產卵寄主定位的關鍵因素。Kadej等(2018)調查了Erio-gaster catax在796種寄主植物上的產卵情況,發現雌蟲多在寄主植物的軀干和上半部分產卵,而避免在濃密的灌木冠層內產卵。寄主的生長生育期也會影響昆蟲產卵選擇。修春麗等(2017)研究了綠盲蝽(Apolygus lucorum)成蟲對初花期與盛花期葎草的產卵選擇性,發現綠盲蝽卵主要集中產在葎草花上,而幼芽、嫩莖和葉柄上落卵量較低,證實綠盲蝽成蟲對盛花期葎草的產卵偏好習性;Malheiro等(2018)的研究也表明,橄欖的成熟過程是影響橄欖果蠅[Bactrocera oleae(Rossi)]產卵的重要因素。針對蓮草直胸跳甲的研究多集中在其生態適應性和防控能力等方面,而對蓮草直胸跳甲產卵選擇的研究報道相對較少。陳磊等(2009)研究了蓮草直胸跳甲成蟲產卵選擇性與幼蟲發育適合度的關系,指出該蟲嗜好在中部葉片背面產卵,幼蟲更喜歡在葉背取食;傅建煒等(2011)研究表明,蓮草直胸跳甲成蟲嗜好棲息于空心蓮子草頂端嫩葉,產卵偏好在第2和3節葉片上,化蛹則主要選擇在3~5節。【本研究切入點】目前空心蓮子草已在我國20個省(市)發生危害(盧東升等,2018),由于其具有極強的繁殖能力,極易暴發成災,導致農業生態環境被破壞。天敵蓮草直胸跳甲的大量繁殖有助于空心蓮子草的生物防治。然而,關于空心蓮子草葉片特征及生長期對蓮草直胸跳甲產卵選擇的影響鮮有報道。【擬解決的關鍵問題】采用選擇性和籠罩試驗開展寄主植物空心蓮子草的葉片特征及生長期等對天敵蓮草直胸跳甲產卵選擇的影響研究,分析蓮草直胸跳甲的產卵偏好,以揭示蓮草直胸跳甲的產卵選擇習性,為蓮草直胸跳甲的大量繁殖及空心蓮子草的生物防治提供指導。
1 材料與方法
1. 1 試驗材料
蓮草直胸跳甲采自福建省農業科學院植物保護研究所南通中試基地周邊,在人工氣候室內繼代飼養;空心蓮子草栽培在該基地田間大棚,采集無蟲害健康植株扦插于濕潤的花泥上,待其恢復生長且萌發新根后用于試驗。
寄主植物不僅能顯著影響昆蟲的發育歷期、存活率和繁殖力,而且作為植食性昆蟲生長、存活與繁殖的主要營養來源,寄主植物還能顯著影響昆蟲的種群動態發展趨勢(Thiery and Moreau,2006; 廖懷建等,2017)。作為昆蟲食物來源的寄主本身,其體內的營養物質和次生化合物也可直接或間接影響昆蟲的產卵選擇性以及昆蟲種群的生長動態(馮娜,2014; Li et al.,2017)。寄主植物的生化物質可影響昆蟲對寄主的選擇,斑翅果蠅(Drosophila suzukii)對糖原含量較高而果膠含量較低的櫻桃(Cerasus pseudocerasus)(黃蜜和紅燈)切塊的產卵選擇性較強(高歡歡等,2017);扶桑綿粉蚧(Phenacoccus solenopsis)2齡若蟲對寄主的取食選擇行為與寄主葉片可溶性蛋白含量顯著負相關,與單寧酸含量顯著正相關,雌成蟲對寄主的選擇則與寄主葉片可溶性糖含量呈正比(陳紅松等,2019)。昆蟲也可能以視覺和嗅覺識別葉片顏色來選擇寄主并定位產卵場所(郭薇等,2018)。本研究只探討了寄主植物葉片的外部性狀對蓮草直胸跳甲產卵選擇的影響,寄主植物體內的營養物質和次生物質也可能對蓮草直胸跳甲產卵選擇產生重要影響,因此,其產卵的選擇性機制有待深入研究。
4 結論
空心蓮子草葉片特征及生長期對蓮草直胸跳甲的產卵選擇具有顯著影響。蓮草直胸跳甲喜好將卵產在葉片長寬比較大的空心蓮子草的葉位3和葉位4,被產卵葉片表皮毛密度適中;蓮草直胸跳甲對空心蓮子草葉片背面和靠近葉片端部的位置產卵選擇率高,且偏好在生長期植株和未被產卵的空心蓮子草葉片上產卵。
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