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作物地膜覆蓋技術適宜性及其在東北春玉米上的應用

2021-02-19 06:18:24高海河劉宏金高維常錢春榮嚴昌榮
農業工程學報 2021年22期

高海河,劉宏金,高維常,劉 勤,錢春榮,靳 拓,嚴昌榮

作物地膜覆蓋技術適宜性及其在東北春玉米上的應用

高海河1,2,劉宏金3,高維常4,劉 勤1,2,錢春榮5,靳 拓6,嚴昌榮1,2※

(1. 中國農業科學院農業環境與可持續發展研究所,北京 100081;2. 農業農村部農膜污染防控重點實驗室,北京 100081;3. 內蒙古自治區農牧業生態與資源保護中心,呼和浩特 010010;4. 貴州省煙草科學研究院,貴州 550081;5. 黑龍江省農業科學院耕作栽培研究所,哈爾濱 150086;6. 農業農村部農業生態與農業資源保護總站,北京 100125)

為從源頭解決地膜覆蓋技術泛用、濫用問題,提高作物地膜覆蓋技術的合理利用性。研究提出作物地膜覆蓋適宜性的概念,將其定義為“地膜覆蓋技術對作物自身環境要素需求與所在地提供環境要素差異的補償程度”。該研究以東北春玉米為例,構建春玉米地膜覆蓋適宜性的評價體系,通過數據檢索的方式收集東北地區田間試驗中春玉米地膜覆蓋功能數據,明確作物地膜覆蓋與不覆蓋農田土壤溫度和水分、經濟產量相關關系,量化作物地膜覆蓋的增溫保墑、增產功效,篩選春玉米地膜覆蓋技術適宜性評價指標,并計算地膜覆蓋技術適宜指數,參照作物需求閾值標準和經濟效益,明確東北不同熟期春玉米地膜覆蓋種植范圍,形成春玉米地膜覆蓋綜合適宜性區劃。東北地區春玉米不同生育階段地膜覆蓋耕作層土壤溫度(土壤含水率)與裸地土壤溫度(土壤含水率)及產量與≥10 ℃積溫存在良好的線性關系(< 0.01)。基于春玉米地膜覆蓋適宜性的評價體系,計算了地膜覆蓋適宜指數,并將東北地區不同熟期春玉米地膜覆蓋綜合適宜性分為高適宜區、中適宜區、不適宜區。作物地膜覆蓋適宜性相關研究可為中國地膜投入量零增長和地膜污染綜合防控提供可靠技術支撐。

作物;土壤;溫度;地膜覆蓋;適宜性概念;評價方法

0 引 言

全球約41%的旱地面積貢獻了44%的糧食產量[1-2]。中國農業生產安全正面臨著城市化擴張、農業用地減少、氣溫升高和水資源日益短缺的威脅,因此,農藝技術的發展面臨重大挑戰[3]。例如,在中國的東北地區,其季風氣候顯著,春季低溫且少雨、夏季降水集中,易發生冷害、旱害、澇害等氣象災害,限制了作物產量和品質的提高[4]。地膜覆蓋技術由于具有提高土壤溫度,減少土壤氮揮發和水蒸發[5],改善土壤的水熱條件[6],抑制雜草生長的功能正好彌補了作物不適宜的生長環境。

地膜覆蓋是提高作物產量[7]、改變缺水地區生產方式的一項重要的農業生產技術[8-9]。地膜的制造成本低并具有增溫保墑的功能[10],迅速在中國范圍內推廣及應用[11]。地膜使用量從1993年的37.5×107kg增長到2018年的14.0×108kg,地膜覆蓋面積由5.9×106hm2擴大到17.8×106hm2。地膜覆蓋的應用從干旱區擴展到高寒區,覆蓋作物也從蔬菜、經濟作物擴展到大宗糧食作物[12],其中西北棉區和玉米區、東北玉米區和花生區、西南煙草區地膜使用強度較大[13]。地膜覆蓋技術的應用顯著地提高了作物產量20%~50%[14],保障了中國農產品生產安全[15]。

聚乙烯材料的分子由于具有較大的相對分子質量、分子間作用力等,導致其難以降解,嚴重破壞農田土壤結構,降低土壤微生物種類和活性,影響播種質量等[16-17]。與此同時,中國長時間、大規模應用地膜,不合格聚乙烯地膜產品長期存在(標準低于GB13735—2017要求),加上前期對地膜回收重視程度低,缺乏有效的回收措施,在局部地區農田地膜殘留已成為一個重要的環境問題,尤其在西北內陸、黃土高原和東北風沙地區的土壤中地膜殘留已達到71.9~259.1 kg/hm2[18]。由于對地膜覆蓋技術功能、作用和存在問題認識的不全面,地膜覆蓋的濫用、泛用現象也十分普遍,在農業生產上常出現“一覆了之”的作法,不分作物、區域、氣候條件等,誤認為覆膜,即增收,進一步加劇了殘留污染的風險[19]。雖然地膜覆蓋技術的應用帶來了不同程度的污染問題,但由于其成效巨大,未來地膜覆蓋面積和使用量將繼續增加,預計2025年中國年地膜使用量達到22.8×108kg,覆蓋面積擴大到23.4×106hm2[20]。因此,在接下來相對長的時間范圍內,地膜覆蓋技術在中國農業生產中地位仍將不斷提高,且不可替代[21-23]。盡可能地減少地膜投入量的同時高效地應用地膜覆蓋技術是一個重要的途徑。因此,為從源頭解決地膜覆蓋技術泛用、濫用問題,提高作物地膜覆蓋技術的合理利用性,本文提出研究作物地膜覆蓋適宜性的評價技術和方法。

1 作物地膜覆蓋適宜性概念及評價方法的提出

基于地膜覆蓋技術的應用雖然保障了中國農業生產安全。但是,農田地膜殘留嚴重、地膜覆蓋技術濫用泛用問題亟待解決。因此,本文提出了作物地膜覆蓋適宜性的概念。作物地膜覆蓋適宜性定義為“地膜覆蓋技術對作物自身環境要素需求與所在地提供環境要素差異的補償程度”,環境要素通常是土壤水分、溫度、以及光照條件等,除上述環境要素外,還應考慮技術應用的產投比、環境代價等問題。它是進行地膜覆蓋技術應用的宏觀決策,從源頭解決地膜覆蓋技術泛用、濫用的問題以及地膜殘留污染的綜合防控,在適宜區域內,采用地膜覆蓋技術滿足作物生長所需的環境條件包括溫度、水分、光照,以及農戶種植的經濟效益,除此之外,地膜覆蓋技術帶來的增溫保水和經濟效益基本消失。地處中國北端的大興安嶺寒地農業區,春季氣溫度低,霜凍時間晚,冷害頻發,即使采用地膜覆蓋技術也不能滿足晚熟春玉米生長所需的適宜環境,造成作物發育不良,農民經濟效益降低。因此,該地區成為晚熟春玉米地膜覆蓋不適宜區。現有研究表明[24-26],不同作物種類、同一作物的不同熟期或同一作物同一熟期在不同生態環境對地膜覆蓋的要求存在差異,明確作物地膜覆蓋適宜性有利于地膜覆蓋技術的合理利用,避免了地膜覆蓋技術的濫用、泛用現象發生,同時也實現作物跨區域、熟期種植。

作物地膜覆蓋適宜性評價是在綜合考慮作物生長周期特征和地膜覆蓋使用的現實條件,科學、準確評定地膜覆蓋的綜合使用效果,依據評價指標選擇的六大原則(科學性、有效性、系統性、敏感性、可行性、有效性),在充分發揮地膜覆蓋增溫保墑功效的同時避免地膜殘留污染,針對不同地區進行作物地膜覆蓋的評價指標進行篩選。作物地膜覆蓋適宜性是一個全新的概念,其評價體系也屬空白。由于全國各個地區農業生產存在較大差異,地膜覆蓋的功能眾多且復雜,若考慮效果太過詳細可能無法量化作物地膜覆蓋功能,進而無法實現作物地膜覆蓋適宜性評價模型的構建。如中國寒旱地區,增溫保水是地膜覆蓋的主要功能,抑制雜草的功效相對較弱。然而,南方地區水熱資源相對豐富,抑制雜草則成為地膜覆蓋的主要功能。因此,地膜覆蓋適宜性評價體系需因地制宜地構建。

2 東北地區地膜覆蓋適宜性評價體系構建方法

2.1 評價指標的篩選與確定

針對東北地區春玉米綜合考慮地膜覆蓋的增溫、保水、增產效益為代表的核心功能[27],結合層次分析法和專家咨詢法篩選出生態適宜性關鍵指標為溫度虧缺指數、水分虧缺指數,經濟適宜性關鍵指標為經濟效益增量和產投比。

TDIn=(1-AT/MATn)×100 (1)

式中TDIn代表不同熟期類型春玉米生育期溫度虧缺指數;AT代表春玉米整個生育期≥10 ℃累計溫度,℃;MATn代表不同熟期類型春玉米生育期所需≥10 ℃積溫的最大值,℃。東北地區不同熟期類型春玉米生育期所需≥10 ℃積溫和生育期特征見表1和表2[28]。

WDI=(WDI1+WDI2+WDI3+WDI4+WDI5)/5 (2)

式中WDI、WDI1、WDI2、WDI3、WDI4、WDI5分別為春玉米整個生育期、出苗期、拔節期、抽穗期、灌漿期和成熟期的水分虧缺指數,%。

表1 東北地區不同熟期類型春玉米所需≥10 ℃積溫

表2 東北地區不同熟期春玉米生育期

WDIn=1WDI+2WDI-1+3WDI-2+4WDI-3+5WDI-4(3)

式中WDIn為春玉米某生育階段(某生育期)前50 d的累積水分虧缺指數,%;WDI代表第個時間段(某生育階段前1~10 d),%;WDI-1代表第-1個時間段(某生育階段前11~20 d),%;WDI-2代表第-2個時間段(某生育階段前21~30 d),%;WDI-3代表第-3個時間段(某生育階段前31~40 d),%;WDI-4代表第-4個時間段(某生育階段前41~50 d),%;將春玉米該生育階段的最后一天作為評價的起始。1、2、3、4、5代表各個生育階段的權重系數WDI占整個生育時期WDI的權重,分別為0.30、0.25、0.20、0.15、0.10[29]。

WDIk=(1-P/ETck) ×100 ETcj≥P(4)

WDIk=0 ETcj<P(5)

式中P為10 d的累計降水量,mm,ETck為10 d內累計需水量,mm。根據東北地區田間土壤屬性,當每日降水量超過30 mm/d時,造成地表徑流;若降水超過30 mm/d,則按30 mm進行計算[29]。

作物參考蒸散量(ET0)采用FAO推薦的Penman-Monteith公式[30]。計算過程如下:

ET0={0.408(R-)+[900/(+273)]2(e-e)}/ [+(1+0.342)] (6)

式中代表作物冠層表面凈輻射,MJ/m2/d;代表土壤熱通量,MJ/(m2·d);代表平均氣溫,℃;2代表2 m高處的風速,m/s;代表飽和水汽壓,kPa;代表實際水汽壓,kPa;代表飽和水汽壓-氣溫關系曲線在處的切線斜率,kPa/℃;代表濕度計常數,kPa/℃。

ETc=K·ET0(7)

式中ETc代表作物日需水量,mm;代表作物系數。由于FAO推薦的與中國東北地區實際情況不同[31-32],本文結合東北地區當地氣候條件進行修訂,使得春玉米不同生育階段的值更接近實際值。最終確定播種期、出苗期、拔節期、抽穗期、灌漿期、成熟期的作物系數分別為0.30、0.40、0.40、1.20、1.00、0.60。

EBI=--(8)

式中EBI為經濟效益增量,元/hm2;為采用地膜覆蓋較不采用地膜覆蓋春玉米的增產量,kg/hm2;為春玉米收購價格,元/kg;為采用地膜覆蓋較不采用地膜覆蓋春玉米種子的增加費用,元/hm2;為地膜投入成本,元/hm2;為地膜殘留回收成本,元/hm2;為采用地膜覆蓋較不采用地膜覆蓋春玉米病蟲害防治和除草劑的增加費用,元/hm2;為采用地膜覆蓋較不采用地膜覆蓋春玉米作業成本的增加費用,元/hm2;為采用地膜覆蓋較不采用地膜覆蓋春玉米肥料投入的增加費用,元/hm2。該研究通過開展東北地區5個熟期春玉米種植及收獲經濟成本調研,共獲得50份有效調查問卷。經過統計、分析(剔除異常值,求取平均值),最終獲得東北地區不同熟期春玉米種植及收獲經濟成本統計表,見表3。東北地區2019年實際收購春玉米價格1.8 元/kg。

IOR=(0)/(1+++1+1+1) (9)

式中IOR為產投比;0為東北地區常規玉米平均產量,kg/hm2;為春玉米收購價格,元/kg;1為采用地膜覆蓋春玉米的種子花費,元/hm2;1為采用地膜覆蓋春玉米病蟲害防治和除草劑的花費,元/hm2;1為采用地膜覆蓋春玉米作業成本的花費,元/hm2;1為采用地膜覆蓋春玉米肥料的花費,元/hm2。

表3 東北地區春玉米經濟成本

注:肥料費用包括播種施肥、追肥等;東北地區大多數采用70%覆蓋地膜的方式,其中地膜采用新國標(GB 13735—2017)地膜計算成本;作業成本包括秸稈還田、整地、起壟、覆膜、播種、追肥等步驟。

Note: Fertilizer costs include sowing, fertilizing and topdressing, etc. 70% mulching film is used in most famers of Northeast China, in which the new national standard (GB 13735 —2017) plastic mulching film is used to calculate the cost; The operation cost includes straw returning, soil preparation, ridging, film mulching, sowing, topdressing, etc.

根據東北地區不同熟期類型春玉米所需≥10 ℃的積溫情況,東北地區春玉米地膜覆蓋適宜性評價指標的等級劃分標準確定如下:東北地區春玉米溫度虧缺指數適宜范圍的確定是依據不同熟期春玉米10 ℃積溫占所需≥10 ℃積溫最大值的比例,若包含在所需≥10 ℃積溫范圍內則為適宜,否則為不適宜。通過查閱中國東北地區干旱災害大典[33],選取年降水量≤400 mm的干旱年份,與東北地區農田土壤濕度資料對比34[34],同時考慮到東北地區地膜覆蓋帶來的增溫保水效果主要發生在春玉米生育前中期,并綜合前人對水分虧缺指數的等級劃分標準[35-36],適宜區水分虧缺指數為0~0.68,不適宜區為0.68~1.00;綜合考慮東北地區春玉米生產水平和經濟收入潛力,對經濟效益增量和產投比在適宜、中適宜、不適宜方面進行劃分,最后確定經濟效益增量>2 000元/hm2,經濟效益適宜。經濟效益增量在1 500~2 000元/hm2,經濟效益中適宜,在經濟效益增量<1 500 元/hm2,經濟效益不適宜。當產投比≥1時,資金使用效率良好,應采用地膜覆蓋技術。當產投比<1時,資金使用效率較差,應放棄使用地膜覆蓋技術。

2.2 評價指標的區域柵格化

針對研究地膜覆蓋適宜性的區域存在的面積廣闊,地形地貌復雜,氣候要素分布多樣的情況,只運用氣象站點的觀測資料很難真實地反映某些地區氣候資源的空間多樣性特征,也滿足不了該地區某種作物是否采用地膜覆蓋技術的深化和細化的要求。因此,考慮到地理位置(經緯度、海拔高度、地形要素)對溫度和水分的影響,該研究認為建立作物地膜覆蓋適宜性指標要素與地理因子的關系模型,來推算出區域的作物地膜覆蓋適宜性更為準確。采用“多元回歸+殘差”插值方法對評價指標進行空間插值計算。將氣象站點的溫度虧缺指數值和水分虧缺指數值作為因變量,經度、緯度和DEM數據作為自變量,使用SPSS-22.0軟件中多元回歸方法建立模型。借助地理信息系統,將研究區域的經度、緯度和DEM(Digital Elevation Model)高程數據繪制成柵格面,代入關系模型得到評價指標的基礎柵格面,并進行殘差修正,得到作物地膜覆蓋適宜性溫度和水分柵格面。同時,作物地膜覆蓋適宜性經濟效益指標可以通過實地調研的方式開展,包括農資投入費用和作業成本費用,經過統計、分析,明確區域作物地膜覆蓋種植及收獲效益,結合地理信息系統,得到作物地膜覆蓋適宜性經濟效益柵格面。

2.3 作物地膜覆蓋綜合適宜性評價模型

東北地區春玉米地膜覆蓋適宜性指在綜合地膜覆蓋技術推廣應用與地區生態、經濟等方面的匹配程度。本文采用權重法構建東北地區春玉米地膜覆蓋綜合適宜性模型[37]。

評價指標值的數量級不同,無法進行比較、計算。因此需消除每個指標值的量綱,使得每個指標值的相應范圍一致,計算公式如下:

X=(X-Xmin)/(Xmax-Xmin)×100 (11)

X=(Xmax-X)/(Xmax-Xmin)×100 (12)

式中X指無量綱化值;Xmax代表第個指標的最大值;Xmin代表第個指標的最小值。

2.4 數據來源

地膜覆蓋與地膜不覆蓋條件下的土壤溫度數據、土壤水分數據、作物產量數據均來源于文獻檢索。檢索數據庫包括Web of Science和中國知網(China National Knowledge Infrastructure)。檢索的關鍵詞包括“東北地區”“地膜覆蓋”“春玉米”,檢索時間周期為1995—2019年。該研究選擇普通PE地膜作為研究對象,剔除其他類型地膜和重復報道的試驗和數據,經過仔細檢查、審核,最后共68項研究的524組數據符合檢索標準[41-108]。其中,東北地區春玉米不同生育階段地膜覆蓋與裸地耕作層0~30 cm土壤溫度的數據106組,地膜覆蓋與裸地農田耕作層0~10 cm土壤含水率的數據230組,地膜覆蓋與不覆蓋條件下產量的數據188組,東北地區氣象站點及試驗點見圖 1。

3 結果與分析

3.1 量化春玉米地膜覆蓋生態和經濟功能

對東北地區春玉米不同生育階段地膜覆蓋耕作層土壤溫度(土壤含水率)與裸地土壤溫度(土壤含水率)及產量與≥10 ℃積溫進行回歸分析,結果表明:春玉米不同生育階段地膜覆蓋與裸地條件下的農田耕作層土壤溫度(0~30 cm)和土壤水分(0~10 cm)均存在著線性關系(< 0.01,R>0.73)(圖2和圖3)。地膜覆蓋下的春玉米產量與不覆蓋條件下的春玉米產量也達到極顯著的線性關系(< 0.01,2=0.22)

通過東北地區春玉米地膜覆蓋條件下土壤溫度和水分的調查研究,明確作物不同生育階段地膜覆蓋與不覆蓋條件下農田土壤溫度、水分的變化規律,利用模型模擬其相關關系,量化作物生育期地膜覆蓋的增溫保墑功效。由于,土壤溫度與大氣溫度、土壤含水率與降水量之間存在良好的模擬關系[80,109-110],可將地膜覆蓋功能數據與區域氣象數據建立相關聯系(圖4),為區域作物地膜覆蓋適宜性的開展奠定基礎。研究發現東北地區不同生育階段春玉米地膜覆蓋與裸地均溫(< 0.01)和降水量(< 0.05)都存在線性關系,且擬合程度較高如表4。

3.2 東北地區不同熟期春玉米地膜覆蓋綜合適宜區劃

東北地區玉米地膜覆蓋適宜區適宜性指數的范圍不同,如圖5所示。高適宜區:早熟品種在>50~<65之間,中早熟品種在>40~<60之間,中熟品種在>40~<55之間,中晚熟品種在>30~<40之間。中適宜區:早熟品種45~50,中早熟品種35~40,中熟品種25~40,中晚熟品種20~30,晚熟品種25~30。不適宜區:早熟品種0~<45、65~100,中早熟品種0~<35、60~100,中熟品種0~<25、55~100,中晚熟品種0~<20、40~100,晚熟品種0~<25、30~100。

春玉米地膜覆蓋高適宜區主要分布在東四盟北部的呼倫貝爾市大部,興安盟部分、赤峰市有零星分布,黑龍江省大興安嶺地區大部,吉林省的延邊朝鮮自治州和白山市小部(早熟春玉米);東四盟的呼倫貝爾市和興安盟的部分、赤峰市小部,黑龍江的大興安嶺大部、黑河市部分、伊春市零星分布(中早熟春玉米);東四盟的呼倫貝爾市西部和東部、興安盟和赤峰市北部,黑龍江省的西北地區,主要在黑河市、伊春市、牡丹江市大部,大興安嶺地區部分,吉林省的延邊朝鮮自治州和白山市大部(中熟春玉米);東四盟的呼倫貝爾市、興安盟和赤峰市部分,黑龍江省的大部分地區(除大慶市、綏化市、哈爾濱市、鶴崗市部分),吉林省的吉林市、延邊朝鮮自治州、白山市和通化市大部,遼寧省部分地區存在零星分布(中晚熟春玉米)。東北地區晚熟春玉米地膜覆蓋沒有高適宜區。

表4 不同生育階段玉米地膜覆蓋與裸地降水量的關系

注:2為裸地降水量(mm·d-1);2為地膜覆蓋后等效降水量(mm·d-1)。

Note:2is precipitation of bare soil(mm·d-1);2is precipitation after plastic mulching(mm·d-1). *,0.05; **,< 0.01.

春玉米地膜覆蓋不適宜區主要分布在東四盟的通遼市全部、赤峰市和興安盟大部、呼倫貝爾市部分,黑龍江大部(除大興安嶺和黑河市部分),吉林省大部(除白山市和延邊朝鮮自治州小部),遼寧省全部(早熟春玉米);東四盟的通遼市、呼倫貝爾市、興安盟和赤峰市部分,黑龍江省中部和南部(除大興安嶺、黑河市、伊春市大部,伊春市、牡丹江市小部),吉林省大部(除延邊朝鮮自治州和白山市部分、通化市小部),遼寧省全部(中早熟春玉米);東四盟的呼倫貝爾市大部、通遼市部分、興安盟小部,吉林省松原市、四平市部分、延邊朝鮮自治州和白山市小部,遼寧省大部(除朝陽市、撫順市、本溪市、鞍山市部分)(中熟春玉米);東四盟的北部地區的呼倫貝爾市大部、興安盟和赤峰市部分,黑龍江省大興安嶺、黑河市大部、牡丹江市部分,吉林省的延邊朝鮮自治州和白山市部分,遼寧省鐵嶺市、沈陽市、遼陽市、錦州市、盤錦市、營口市、鞍山市、大連市、丹東市、葫蘆島市大部,朝陽市小部(中晚熟春玉米);東北地區大部分(除東四盟的興安盟、赤峰市、通遼市部分,黑龍江省的大慶市、齊齊哈爾市、綏化市、哈爾濱市大部,吉林省的吉林市、遼源市大部,長春市部分,遼寧省的撫順市、本溪市大部,丹東市部分)(晚熟春玉米)。

基于東北春玉米地膜覆蓋適宜性評價體系,本研究組研制了作物地膜覆蓋技術適宜性評價軟件APP工具,通過東北地區共50戶參評結果顯示,該APP評價報告結果與實際較為相符。

4 討 論

在東北春玉米不同生育階段,土壤溫度、土壤含水率、玉米產量在地膜覆蓋和裸地條件下都存在良好的線性關系(< 0.01),擬合度較好。受到氣候特征的影響,隨著春玉米生育期耕作層土壤溫度和土壤含水量的增加,地膜覆蓋的增溫保水效應降低。但是,春玉米地膜覆蓋的生態效益(土壤溫度和土壤含水率)受到許多因素的影響。研究發現,當春玉米生育期降水較多時,會導致地膜覆蓋保水效果不顯著[111];同時,地膜覆蓋在嫩江試驗區和在大慶試驗區增溫保水效果存在顯著性差異,不同地理位置、土壤環境、不同耕作方式等也影響地膜覆蓋的性能[112]。由于該文研究整個東北地區,因此忽略了地膜覆蓋在不同耕作方式和地理位置上對農田耕作層土壤溫度和土壤含水率的影響。東北面積遼闊,部分地區關于地膜覆蓋技術的田間試驗仍屬空白。同時,在實際生產中,春玉米地膜覆蓋適宜區劃的確定不僅受到以溫度和水分條件為主的生態因素和以經濟效益增量和產投比為主的經濟因素的影響,還與玉米市場環境、種植方式、土壤類型等因素密不可分。因此,在本研究基礎上,仍需廣大研究人員進一步開展地膜覆蓋技術方面的科學研究,填補試驗空白的同時,探究針小區域的春玉米地膜覆蓋適宜區劃。

近30年來地膜覆蓋技術被廣泛應用于農業生產,保障了中國農產品生產安全。但由于使用者對地膜覆蓋技術功能、作用和存在問題認識的不全面,地膜覆蓋技術濫用、泛用現象在一定程度上加劇了農田地膜殘留污染。基于此,該文首次提出作物地膜覆蓋技術適宜性的概念,構建了基于作物地膜覆蓋功能和經濟效益的評價方法,雖然該課題組應用此方法在東北地區玉米、內蒙古地區馬鈴薯、西南地區煙草等作物應用中取得了一定效果,但目前作物地膜覆蓋適宜性研究處于起步階段,仍需廣大研究人員更加深入地探究和完善。但無論如何,這一概念的提出形成了作物地膜覆蓋適宜性體系,明確了中國作物地膜覆蓋適宜性區劃,指導了農技推廣人員和農民根據作物種類、熟期、種植區域選擇是否采用地膜覆蓋技術,能夠為地膜投入量零增長和地膜污染綜合防控提供可靠技術支撐。

5 結 論

該文提出作物地膜覆蓋技術適宜性的概念,并以東北地區春玉米為例,從生態和經濟角度,明確了春玉米地膜覆蓋適宜性評價指標,將數學模型、多元逐步回歸分析和空間分析等方法相結合,建立了東北地區春玉米不同生育階段地膜覆蓋耕作層土壤溫度(土壤含水率)與裸地土壤溫度(土壤含水率)及產量與≥10 ℃積溫的數學模型,且都達到了極顯著水平(< 0.01)。因此,在量化地膜覆蓋的生態和經濟效益的基礎上,基于權重法構建地膜覆蓋適宜性綜合評價模型,計算了地膜覆蓋適宜指數,繪制東北地區春玉米地膜覆蓋綜合適宜分區,明確了東北不同熟期春玉米地膜覆蓋種植范圍,避免地膜覆蓋技術濫用、泛用地現象,地膜覆蓋技術的應用使作物種植適宜區發生顯著變化。在高適宜區可增加地膜使用量,中適宜區根據當地實際需求科學合理地使用地膜覆蓋技術,不適宜區應減少地膜使用,實現了作物地膜覆蓋適宜性評價。

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The suitability of crop plastic film mulching technology and its application on spring maize in northeast China

Gao Haihe1,2, Liu Hongjin3, Gao Weichang4, Liu Qin1,2, Qian Chunrong5, Jin Tuo6, Yan Changrong1,2※

(1.,,100081,;2.,,100081,; 3.,010010,;4.,550081,;5.,,150086,;6.,,100125,)

Plastic ?lm mulching is widely accepted to be an important technology for agricultural production that improves crop yield and changes production methods in low water input regions in China. However, the abuse and widespread use of plastic film mulch technology have aggravated a series of residual plastic pollution in farmland. Therefore, it is of great significance to conduct the suitability of plastic film mulch technology for the comprehensive prevention and control of the residual pollution of mulching. In this paper, we proposed a concept of suitability of plastic film mulch for crops and its estimation method. The suitability of plastic film mulch for crops means plastic film mulch technology compensates the difference between the crop environmental elements and the local location, and it is the basic basis for the macro-decision of the application of plastic film covering technology and the comprehensive prevention and control of plastic film residual pollution. Based on the function of plastic film mulching, and concept of suitability of plastic film mulch for crops, a method for evaluating the suitability of plastic mulching for crops was constructed. We can collect the plastic film mulching function data by the means of retrieval field experiment, to clarify the relationship between crop mulching and soil temperature, water and economic yield, and to quantify the function of increasing soil temperature and crops yield, reducing soil water evaporation of plastic mulching. The mathematical models of soil temperature (soil moisture content), bare soil temperature (soil moisture content), yield and accumulated temperature ≥10 ℃ at different growth stages of spring maize in Northeast China reached extremely significant levels (< 0.01). Quantifying the influence of plastic film mulching on increasing temperature, retaining water and increasing yield laid a foundation for the establishment of a suitable evaluation system for plastic film mulching. According to the technology of plastic film mulching on the spot investigation, the key indexes of ecological suitability and economic suitability were screened out based on the expert consultation, which were Crop Temperature Deficit Index (CTDI), Crop Water Deficit Index (CWDI), Economic Benefits Increment (EBI) and Input-Output Ratio (IOR), respectively. An evaluation model for the suitability of mulching technology was constructed. Meanwhile, we calculated the suitability index, to clarify the planting scope of spring maize with different mature types under plastic film mulching in Northeast China, and to form the appropriate regionalization of plastic mulching of crops according to the standard of crops demand and economic benefit. The suitability area of plastic film mulching was divided into highly suitable area, moderately suitable area and unsuitable area. The use of plastic film should be increased in highly suitable area, the plastic film mulching should be adopted scientifically in the moderately suitable area according to the local ecological environment, economic benefit and actual demand, and decreased or avoided completely in the unsuitable area. The research on the suitability of plastic mulching for crops can provide reliable technical support for the rational utilization of crop plastic mulch technology, the zero increase of plastic film input and the comprehensive prevention and control of plastic film pollution in China.

crops; soils; temperature; plastic film mulching; the concept of suitability; evaluation method

高海河,劉宏金,高維常,等. 作物地膜覆蓋技術適宜性及其在東北春玉米上的應用[J]. 農業工程學報,2021,37(22):95-107.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.22.011 http://www.tcsae.org

Gao Haihe, Liu Hongjin, Gao Weichang, et al. The suitability of crop plastic film mulching technology and its application on spring maize in northeast China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2021, 37(22): 95-107. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.22.011 http://www.tcsae.org

2021-03-12

2021-06-10

國家重點研發計劃“政府間國際科技創新合作”重點專項(2017YFE0121900);中國煙草總公司貴州省公司科技項目“煙用全生物降解地膜開發(合同號:201933);中央級科研院所基本科研業務費專項(Y2019LM02-02)。

高海河,博士生,研究方向為旱地農業。Email:gaohaihe@caas.cn

嚴昌榮,研究員,博士生導師,研究方向為地膜覆蓋及殘留污染防控。Email:yanchangrong@caas.cn

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.22.011

S152

A

1002-6819(2021)-22-0095-13

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