如何改變芬蘭的教育
——赫爾辛基大學(xué)思考角和阿爾托大學(xué)Harald Herlin 學(xué)習(xí)中心

JKMM Architects

王文慧WANG Wenhui / 譯

1 思考角街景

1 改變教育

社會(huì)的變革正在改變芬蘭的大學(xué)教育，在從工業(yè)型社會(huì)向創(chuàng)造型社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變的過(guò)程中，企業(yè)需要能夠創(chuàng)新和跳出思維框架的人。因此，芬蘭的大學(xué)開(kāi)始改變教育策略以期培養(yǎng)更多創(chuàng)新人才。這種思維的轉(zhuǎn)變是巨大的，創(chuàng)新已不再是由單獨(dú)在房間里工作的研究人員創(chuàng)造的。相反，學(xué)生們需要學(xué)會(huì)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)新，團(tuán)隊(duì)合作使不同學(xué)科的學(xué)生能夠一起創(chuàng)造新的事物。這既需要改變教育方式，也需要改變大學(xué)的建筑，為“思想交流”建立空間。只有這樣，才能激發(fā)創(chuàng)造力，實(shí)現(xiàn)創(chuàng)新。

2 兩個(gè)新方案

通過(guò)兩個(gè)為芬蘭的大學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)的創(chuàng)新型集會(huì)空間——赫爾辛基大學(xué)的思考角和阿爾托大學(xué)Harald Herlin學(xué)習(xí)中心項(xiàng)目，闡釋我們對(duì)芬蘭教育的新策略。

2.1 思考角

在19世紀(jì)帝國(guó)時(shí)代，赫爾辛基大學(xué)有一個(gè)市中心校區(qū)，其所在區(qū)域是城市的中心，校園里充滿了生活氣息和歷史氛圍。

2015年，為開(kāi)發(fā)思考角（一種新型的科學(xué)和公民集會(huì)地）的設(shè)計(jì)創(chuàng)意，組織了一次建筑競(jìng)賽。項(xiàng)目位于赫爾辛基大學(xué)主樓對(duì)面，由卡爾·路德維希·恩格爾（Carl Ludwig Engel）于1832年設(shè)計(jì)，是一座舊的行政大樓，設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)是將其全面重建以創(chuàng)造一座更具活力的校園。

JKMM建筑師事務(wù)所憑借方案的開(kāi)放性和互動(dòng)性贏得了競(jìng)賽，并將建筑周邊功能聯(lián)系起來(lái)，方案整修的范圍很廣，只保留了建筑原有的混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)，其余全部進(jìn)行了重建。

思考角是一個(gè)寬敞的中庭休息空間，供學(xué)生和游客使用。堅(jiān)固的混凝土墻和巨大的雕塑天窗使得整個(gè)空間像是一個(gè)非正式的公共庭院，功能復(fù)合、空間靈活，能夠滿足人們聚會(huì)、活動(dòng)、享用咖啡以及非正式工作等需求。兩個(gè)巨大的木質(zhì)入口吸引著街上的人們從樓中穿行而過(guò)。

2 思考角總平面圖

3 思考角一層平面圖

4 思考角三層平面圖

5 思考角六層平面圖

6 思考角思考角地下一層平面圖

7 改造后的思考角及其周邊的校園建筑

業(yè)主：赫爾辛基大學(xué)

建設(shè)地點(diǎn)：芬蘭赫爾辛基

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：JKMM Architects

項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人：Asmo Jaaksi,Teemu Toivio

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)：Samuli Miettinen,Teemu Kurkela,Juha M?ki-Jyllil?,Reetta Aarnio,Christopher Delany,Kirsti Larja,Rami Lehtim?ki,Johanna Mustonen

總建筑面積：13 332m2

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間：2015—2017

建成時(shí)間：2017.10

圖片版權(quán)：除特殊標(biāo)注外，其余圖片均由JKMM Architects 提供

思考角為許多社交活動(dòng)和專業(yè)工作提供了一個(gè)家，二層是適合團(tuán)隊(duì)合作和安靜工作的空間，三至五層是向各類公司及團(tuán)隊(duì)開(kāi)放的多功能空間，六層的屋頂露臺(tái)能夠俯瞰整個(gè)城市。

現(xiàn)代風(fēng)格的外立面由灰泥和芬蘭花崗巖裝飾而成，老式的建筑材料使其與周邊新古典主義的建筑環(huán)境相協(xié)調(diào)。街道層面，大面積的玻璃窗面向街道，“商店櫥窗”式的設(shè)計(jì)手法凸顯了城市中的大學(xué)生活。

在室內(nèi)我們可以看到，墻壁內(nèi)大多覆蓋了芬蘭松木，展示了一種友好、可持續(xù)、接近自然的生活方式；家具重視靈活性設(shè)計(jì)，各個(gè)物品可以根據(jù)使用需求輕松地組合或移動(dòng)。最終，創(chuàng)造了一種無(wú)縫的建筑體驗(yàn)。

8 思考角中心的中庭休息區(qū)

9 思考角從中庭休息區(qū)到主樓梯的入口

10 思考角剖面圖

業(yè)主：阿爾托大學(xué)基建處

建設(shè)地點(diǎn)：芬蘭艾斯堡

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：Arkkitehdit NRT Oy

室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)：JKMM Architects

項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人：P?ivi Meuronen

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)：Noora Liesimaa,Rami Lehtim?ki

總建筑面積：7 505m2

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間：2013—2016

建成時(shí)間：2016.10

圖片版權(quán)：除特殊標(biāo)注外，其余圖片均由JKMM Architects 提供

2.2 Harald Herlin學(xué)習(xí)中心

位于芬蘭艾斯堡的阿爾托大學(xué)校園建于20世紀(jì)60年代，是建筑大師阿爾瓦·阿爾托（Alvar Aalto）設(shè)計(jì)的重要大學(xué)工程之一，也是在芬蘭獨(dú)特自然環(huán)境下形成的大學(xué)教育解決方案。

2010年，赫爾辛基理工大學(xué)（成立于1849年）、赫爾辛基經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院（成立于1904年）和赫爾辛基藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)大學(xué)（成立于1871年）三所芬蘭著名高校正式合并為阿爾托大學(xué)，這是芬蘭政府為促進(jìn)創(chuàng)新而著手創(chuàng)建的一所集科學(xué)、商務(wù)和藝術(shù)合作為一體的，旨在促進(jìn)多學(xué)科教育和研究的大學(xué)，并以建筑師阿爾瓦·阿爾托的名字命名。

于1970年竣工的阿爾托大學(xué)圖書館大樓也由阿爾瓦·阿爾托設(shè)計(jì)。為了創(chuàng)造新的空間來(lái)滿足新的教育目標(biāo)，這座傳統(tǒng)的圖書館建筑需要改造為一個(gè)面向?qū)W生、教師和顧客的多功能現(xiàn)代學(xué)習(xí)中心。該空間旨在支持多學(xué)科和新型學(xué)科的學(xué)習(xí)、研究和工作，由JKMM建筑師事務(wù)所與NRT建筑師事務(wù)所合作負(fù)責(zé)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)，并于2017年獲得芬蘭建筑獎(jiǎng)。

改造后的學(xué)習(xí)中心，傳統(tǒng)圖書館遇見(jiàn)了創(chuàng)新、現(xiàn)代、面向未來(lái)的科學(xué)創(chuàng)造方式。這是一個(gè)非常有趣的項(xiàng)目，我們要對(duì)這棟20世紀(jì)建筑遺產(chǎn)的室內(nèi)進(jìn)行處理，為其帶來(lái)全新的設(shè)計(jì)。

我們充分尊重圖書館上層阿爾托所做的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)，盡管改造后家具和功能有了很大變化，卻還是保留了最初的氛圍，給人的印象只是一些小的更新。精心訂制的家具重塑了空間布局，這些變化與最初的設(shè)計(jì)融合得天衣無(wú)縫，很難看出其中的變化。

地下書庫(kù)的設(shè)計(jì)更具創(chuàng)造性和激進(jìn)性。通過(guò)拆除其中一層，為會(huì)議、學(xué)習(xí)和展覽創(chuàng)造了一種鼓勵(lì)社會(huì)互動(dòng)和協(xié)作的新型空間，新媒體服務(wù)功能也布置在這里。Harald Herlin學(xué)習(xí)中心還包括一處配備圖像、材料和工作室的視覺(jué)資源中心，濃烈的色彩讓學(xué)生更愿意相約到此。整個(gè)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)特別關(guān)注現(xiàn)代化的視覺(jué)體驗(yàn)，賦予這所大學(xué)嶄新的面貌。

11 學(xué)習(xí)中心原地下一層的藏書室改為新型學(xué)習(xí)空間

12 從新建的學(xué)習(xí)中心首層咖啡廳看向地下一層的新型學(xué)習(xí)空間

13 學(xué)習(xí)中心一層平面圖

15 學(xué)習(xí)中心地下一層平面圖

16 學(xué)習(xí)中心地下一層學(xué)習(xí)角落

17 學(xué)習(xí)中心二層尊重并保留的原有室內(nèi)裝飾

18 學(xué)習(xí)中心二層閱覽廳

19 學(xué)習(xí)中心剖面圖

光線是整體設(shè)計(jì)思路中另一個(gè)重要元素。圖書館上層阿爾托設(shè)計(jì)的大部分內(nèi)飾被完整保留下來(lái)，由于光線充足，這里成為圖書館展示各種典籍材料的理想場(chǎng)所。原有書架被一個(gè)個(gè)玻璃展示桌取代，增強(qiáng)了圖書館作為市民文化空間的整體感覺(jué)。頂部采光的中庭空間穿過(guò)了樓下的兩層樓板，使日光能夠?yàn)⒃谶B接3層的主樓梯和中庭周圍。

3 結(jié)語(yǔ)

思考角和Harald Herlin學(xué)習(xí)中心已經(jīng)使用了一年多，很受學(xué)生歡迎，而且充滿了活力。可以看到，對(duì)建筑的微小干預(yù)可以對(duì)大學(xué)教育和校園產(chǎn)生積極影響，而構(gòu)建一個(gè)清晰的功能和視覺(jué)理念讓這一做法成為可能。

新的空間不僅為學(xué)校提供了一個(gè)專為集會(huì)和學(xué)習(xí)使用的新場(chǎng)所，還搭建了一個(gè)促進(jìn)創(chuàng)造力和創(chuàng)新成果的新平臺(tái)。同時(shí)，學(xué)生的需求被放在了學(xué)校的核心位置，每個(gè)人都能認(rèn)識(shí)并感受到這種獨(dú)特的身份變化。

1 Changing Education

Changing society is changing university education in Finland.We are in the process of transformation from an industrial society to a creative society. Companies need people who can innovate and think out-of-thebox.Therefore,universities in Finland are changing their strategies to educate more creative minds.The transformation in thinking is big.Innovations are no longer created by individual researchers working alone in their rooms.Rather,students need to learn to innovate in teams.Teamwork makes it possible to bring together students from different disciplines to create something new.This requires changes in education,but also in university buildings. The universities need to build spaces for“meeting of minds”. Only then,creativity and innovation will emerge.

2 New Solutions for Education

JKMM Architects has been involved in two key projects to create new types of meeting spaces for universities in Finland:Think corner in Helsinki University and Harald Herlin Learning Center in Aalto University.

2.1 Think Corner

Helsinki University has a city center campus in the heart of Helsinki′s 19th Century Empire era center.The area could not be more central.The Campus is filled with life,history and historical architecture.

In 2015,an invited architectural competition was organized to develop ideas for Think Corner,a new type of meeting point for science and citizens.The corner site is located opposite of the main building of Helsinki University,designed by Carl Ludwig Engel in 1832.The aim was to fully rebuild an old administrative building to create more dynamic campus. JKMM Architects won the competition with an entry that invites openness and interaction,links the surrounding university functions together.The renovation was extensive,only old concrete structure was kept and the rest of the building was rebuilt.

The heart of Think Corner is a generous atrium lounge space for students and visitors.With robust concrete walls and giant sculptural skylights,the space has informal and public courtyard atmosphere.It forms a multifunctional flexible space for meeting people,events,enjoying café and informal working.Two big timber clad entrances attract the people from the street to pass through the heart of the building.

Think Corner offers a home for a multitude of functions and operators. Level 2 is dedicated to teamwork and quiet working.Levels 3-5 are multifunctional spaces to allow various types of companies or teams to move in.Level 6 roof terrace offers excellent views over the city.

The facades are contemporary,but materials used are old.Plaster and Finnish granite give the building the gravitas befitting of the neighboring neo-classical architectural surroundings. On street level,Think Corner opens to the streets with large windows. These “shop windows” bring university life more visible in the city.

Inside many walls are clad with Finnish pinewood to showcase a friendly sustainable lifestyle,close to nature.An important aspect of the furniture design is flexibility:individual items can be effortlessly combined or moved depending on the occasion. All interiors were also designed by JKMM Architects to create a seamless architectural experience.

2.2 Harald Herlin Learning Center

Aalto University campus in Otaniemi,Espoo was built in 1960’s and it is one of Alvar Aalto’s key university works.Aalto University campus forms a unique Finnish university education solution surrounded by nature.

Aalto University was established in 2010 as a merger of three major Finnish universities:Helsinki University of Technology (established 1849),Helsinki School of Economics (established 1904),and University of Art and Design Helsinki (established 1871).Finnish government set out to create a university that fosters innovation,merging the three institutions into one.The close collaboration between the scientific,business and arts communities is intended to foster multi-disciplinary education and research.The university is named in honor of architect Alvar Aalto.

Aalto University’s library building was also designed by Alvar Aalto and completed in 1970.To create new spaces to meet new educational goals,traditional library building needed to be renovated and metamorphosed into Learning Center,a multi-purpose and modern center for students,faculties and customers.New spaces aim to support multidisciplinary and novel kinds of learning,research and work.JKMM Architects was responsible for interior design in collaboration with NRT Architects.Harald Herlin Learning Center was awarded Finlandia Prize for Architecture in 2017.

In the renewed Learning Center,traditional library meets the innovations and the modern,future oriented way of making science.It is an interesting example of working with 20th century heritage interiors while introducing a wholly new layer of Finnish design to the building.

The precious Aalto interiors in the upper floors were treated with great respect and consideration.Despite considerable changes in furniture and function,the outcome respects the original atmosphere and gives an impression of only minor updates.The layout was reorganized with carefully designed new bespoke furniture.The changes blend in with original design so seamlessly that it is difficult to point out what has been changed.

Old book stacks,located in basement floors,were given a more creative and radical approach.By demolishing one floor,new types spaces are created for meeting,studying and exhibitions. The space encourages social interactions and collaborative ways of working.New media services can be found on the bottom floor.Harald Herlin Learning Center also contains the Visual Resource Center with its image material and studio spaces.Use of strong colors creates an inviting atmosphere for the students to meet.The interior concept has a carefully curated modern visual identity to give university education a new face.

Light was an important factor in the overall design concept.On the upper level,where much of the Aalto interior was intact,there was abundant light making this an ideal space to exhibit materials of the university archive.Magazine racks were replaced with glass-topped tables for display,enhancing the overall feel of this part of the library as a civic and cultural space.On the lower level,a top-lit atrium space cut through to the basement floor enabling daylight to filter in and around the main staircase uniting the three levels.

3 Lessons Learned

Both Think Corner and Harald Herlin Learning Center have now been in use for more than a year.Both spaces are very popular with students and they are filled with activities.Even now,we can see that relatively small architectural intervention can have a meaningful effect in changing education and university campuses.What makes this possible is that architecture has a clear new functional and visual concept.

As a result from new spaces,campus has a new space specifically designed for meeting and learning together.There is a new platform for promoting creativity and innovation in university. Also,students feel that their needs have been put into center.The change has its own unique identity,which everyone can recognize and experience.