劉鴻雁
【摘要】 目的:分析多層螺旋CT血管造影(SCTA)在急性腦梗死頸動脈狹窄中的診斷價值和予以急性腦梗死患者早期針刺對其神經功能和超敏C反應蛋白(hs-CRP)的影響。方法:選擇2019年1-12月本院收治的98例急性腦梗死患者,均開展SCTA檢查,并將X線血管造影(DSA)結果作為金標準,計算SCTA在頸動脈狹窄診斷中的準確度、敏感度和特異度。依據隨機數字表法將患者分成對照組和觀察組,每組49例。對照組采用常規治療,觀察組在對照組基礎上開展早期針刺。比較兩組治療前后神經功能缺損(NIHSS評分)與hs-CRP水平。結果:SCTA對頸動脈狹窄的診斷準確度、敏感度及特異度分別為94.67%、96.82%、89.71%。SCTA檢查出輕、中、重度狹窄和完全閉塞分別為72、44、35、8支,DSA檢查出輕、中、重狹窄和完全閉塞分別為76、45、31、5支。治療后,觀察組的NIHSS評分和hs-CRP水平均低于對照組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05)。結論:SCTA在急性腦梗死頸動脈狹窄診斷中有著較高準確度、敏感度和特異度,予以急性腦梗死患者早期針刺能改善其神經功能,降低其炎癥水平。
【關鍵詞】 急性腦梗死 頸動脈狹窄 多層螺旋CT血管造影 早期針刺 超敏C反應蛋白 神經功能
Clinical Study of SCTA in the Diagnosis of Carotid Artery Stenosis in Acute Cerebral Infarction and the Effect of Early Acupuncture on Neurological Function and High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein/LIU Hongyan. //Medical Innovation of China, 2021, 18(16): -108
[Abstract] Objective: To analyze the diagnostic value of multi-slice spiral CT angiography (SCTA) in acute cerebral infarction patients with carotid artery stenosis and the effect of early acupuncture on the neurological function and high sensitivity C-reactive (hs-CRP) in patients with acute cerebral infarction. Method: A total of 98 patients with acute cerebral infarction admitted to our hospital from January to December 2019 were selected for SCTA examination, and X-ray angiography (DSA) results were taken as the gold standard. The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of SCTA in the diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis were calculated. According to random number table method, the patients were divided into control group and observation group, 49 cases in each group. The control group was treated with routine treatment, and the observation group was treated with early acupuncture on the basis of the control group. Neurological deficit (NIHSS scores) and hs-CRP levels were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. Result: The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of SCTA in the diagnosis of carotid stenosis were 94.67%, 96.82% and 89.71%, respectively. SCTA detected mild, moderate and severe stenosis and complete occlusion were 72, 44, 35 and 8, respectively, while DSA detected mild, moderate and severe stenosis and complete occlusion were 76, 45, 31 and 5, respectively. After treatment, the NIHSS score and hs-CRP level in the observation group were lower than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: SCTA has high accuracy, sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis in acute cerebral infarction. Early acupuncture in patients with acute cerebral infarction can improve their neurological function and reduce their inflammation level.
[Key words] Acute cerebral infarction Carotid artery stenosis Multi-slice spiral CT angiography Early acupuncture High sensitivity C-reactive Nerve function
First-author’s address: Dingtao District People’s Hospital, Heze 274100, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.16.025
腦梗死作為中樞神經系統一種常見疾病,高達85%屬于缺血性腦梗死,而頸動脈狹窄及粥樣硬化斑塊生成是其重要的病理基礎[1-2]。臨床診斷存在癥狀的缺血性腦梗死難度不高,但診斷血管狹窄度程度時需結合影像學手段。X線血管造影(DSA)作為檢查血管狹窄的金標準,價格較昂貴,同時有一定創傷。多層螺旋CT血管造影(SCTA)屬于近年來發展較快的一類檢查方式,有著較高的分辨率,同時后處理功能較為強大,在診斷頸動脈狹窄中有著重要價值[3-4]。腦梗死急性期屬于患者腦神經恢復的關鍵性時期,該時期內得到有效及時治療能改善患者預后。以往臨床多選擇溶栓、保護腦細胞和改善腦代謝等常規西醫療法,但部分患者的恢復效果不夠理想[5]。研究發現,予以急性腦梗死患者早期針刺效果明顯,能促進其神經功能和日常生活能力恢復[6-7]。為此,現對2019年1-12月本院收治的98例急性腦梗死患者開展研究,分析SCTA在頸動脈狹窄中的診斷價值,并觀察早期針刺對該類患者神經功能和高敏C反應蛋白(hs-CRP)的影響,現報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選擇2019年1-12月本院收治的98例急性腦梗死患者為研究對象。(1)納入標準:①均經顱腦CT、MRI確診為急性腦梗死,同時發病時間在6 h以內[8];②可配合完成檢查和治療工作;③神志清醒同時生命體征平穩;④有完整的臨床資料。(2)排除標準:①存在多發或者大面積腦梗死者;②存在顱內出血或腦部外傷者;③存在肝腎功能障礙者;④存在惡性腫瘤者;⑤存在心臟病或糖尿病者;⑥存在免疫系統疾病者;⑦存在血液病者;⑧半年內存在出血傾向者;⑨妊娠或哺乳期女性;⑩近期參與過其他研究者。依據隨機數字表法將患者分成對照組和觀察組,每組49例?;颊呔橥?,本研究已經倫理學委員會批準。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 檢查方法 選擇Light Speed 16排螺旋CT儀(美國GE)開展SCTA檢查,經高壓注射器將60 mL優維顯注射到肘前靜脈中,注射速率為3 mL/s,掃描參數如下:管電流=250 mA,管電壓=120 kV,螺間距=1.75 mm,層厚度=1.25 mm,床速=35 mm/s,速度=8周/s,由主動脈弓掃描到外耳孔,結合智能觸發軟件明確掃描延遲時間,觸發點在主動脈弓降部,同時觸發閾值是80 HU,延遲時間在10~15 s。采取GE工作站開展多平面重建,重建層距=1 mm。經最大強度投影對頸部血管的三維圖像開展再現。選擇大型C臂數字減影血管造影設備(德國西門子)開展DSA檢查,于股動脈穿刺后行血管造影檢查,先對主動脈弓開展造影,后對兩側頸動脈和椎動脈開展造影,測量出動脈管徑,結合狹窄率確定狹窄程度。
1.2.2 治療方法 對照組予以常規治療,包含抗凝、改善腦代謝、改善腦血液循環、抑制血小板聚集、控制水電解質平衡和保護神經等對癥治療。觀察組在對照組基礎上開展早期針刺,于生命體征平穩且神經病學體征無進展后48 h實施治療,方法如下:選擇人中、兩側內關、極泉、三陰交、委中、尺澤與合谷作為主穴,對于上肢不遂者可加入肩髃穴與手三里,對于下肢不遂者可加入環跳和陽陵泉,對于手指握固無法屈伸者應加入針刺八邪,對于足內翻者應加以丘墟透照海,對于口眼歪斜者應加入頰車和地倉,對于吞咽障礙者應加入鳳池和完骨,對于言語不利者應加入金律和玉液,對于脫證者應加入關元和神闕,對于肝陽暴亢者應加入太沖,對于痰熱腑實者應加入曲池,對于風痰阻絡者應加入豐隆。內關穴采取捻轉提插和瀉法;極泉穴采取直刺和提插瀉法;三陰交沿著脛骨的內側緣,和皮膚之間呈現45°角,采取提插補法;委中、尺擇直刺0.5~1.0寸,采取提插瀉法;合谷、人中和輔穴采取虛補實瀉法。常規消毒操作穴位,于針刺得氣之后留針20 min,1次/d。兩組治療時間為21 d。
1.3 觀察指標及判定標準 (1)SCTA診斷準確度、敏感度及特異度:將DSA結果作為金標準,對SCTA在診斷頸動脈狹窄中的準確度、敏感度及特異度開展計算。SCTA診斷頸動脈狹窄的標準如下,采取橫斷位原始圖像、二維多平面重建圖像、容積再現重建圖像對頸動脈狹窄度開展評估,依據狹窄程度=(1-最小血管腔內徑/狹窄遠端正常血管腔內徑)×100%進行計算,將狹窄程度≥10%判斷為頸動脈狹窄[9]。準確度=(真陽性例數+真陰性例數)/總例數×100%;敏感度=真陽性例數/(真陽性例數+假陰性例數)×100%;特異度=真陰性例數/(真陰性例數+假陽性例數)×100%。(2)血管狹窄度:觀察DSA及SCTA對不同血管狹窄度的檢查結果,狹窄度包含完全閉塞(狹窄度100%)、重度狹窄(狹窄度70%~99%)、中度狹窄(狹窄度30%~69%)、輕度狹窄(狹窄度10%~29%)和無狹窄(狹窄度0)。(3)神經功能缺損(NIHSS評分):分別在治療前后選擇NIHSS對兩組開展評估,分數在0~42分,分數越高,即缺損越嚴重[10]。(4)超敏C反應蛋白(hs-CRP):分別在治療前后抽取兩組的空腹靜脈血5 mL,行離心處理后分離血清,后選擇免疫比濁法對hs-CRP水平開展檢測。
1.4 統計學處理 采用SPSS 23.0軟件對所得數據進行統計分析,計量資料用(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗;計數資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗。以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 兩組患者一般資料比較 兩組患者的性別、年齡、發病時間等一般資料比較,差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05),見表1。
2.2 典型案例 患者男,72歲,急性腦梗死伴頸動脈狹窄,其頸動脈的DSA和SCTA檢查結果見圖1~4。
2.3 SCTA和DSA對頸動脈狹窄的診斷結果 98例患者中共檢查頸動脈225支,11例檢查1支頸動脈,47例檢查2支頸動脈,40例檢查3支頸動脈。經DSA檢查發現157支血管有程度不一狹窄,SCTA共檢查中159支狹窄,SCTA對頸動脈狹窄的診斷準確度、敏感度及特異度分別為94.67%(213/225)、96.82%(152/157)、89.71%(61/68),見表2。
2.4 SCTA和DSA的血管狹窄度檢查結果 SCTA檢查出輕度、中度、重度狹窄和完全閉塞分別為72、44、35、8支,DSA檢查出輕度、中度、重度狹窄和完全閉塞分別為76、45、31、5支,見表3。
2.5 兩組治療前后的NIHSS評分和hs-CRP水平比較 治療前,兩組NIHSS評分和hs-CRP水平比較,差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05);治療后,觀察組的NIHSS評分和hs-CRP水平均低于對照組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05),見表4。
3 討論
3.1 SCTA對頸動脈狹窄的診斷價值 頸動脈狹窄屬于腦梗死一個重要的危險因素,DSA是血管狹窄診斷的金標準,但花費較多,創傷較大,有著較高危險性,無法適用于所有患者[11-12]。SCTA能進行三維立體成像和多角度旋轉,清晰直觀,是無創檢查和CT減影技術的重要突破,圖像質量和DSA越來越接近[13-14]。近年來研究發現,SCTA可從不同方向及角度顯示出頸動脈,清晰觀察到增強血流,同時能與橫斷面的原始圖像相結合,對血管狹窄度和范圍做出準確評估[15-16]。本研究結果顯示,SCTA對頸動脈狹窄的診斷準確度、敏感度及特異度分別為94.67%、96.82%、89.71%,提示SCTA在頸動脈狹窄診斷中有效且準確。但SCTA檢查中仍存在4支中度狹窄頸動脈誤診成重度,3支重度狹窄誤診成閉塞,提示多數情況下開展SCTA檢查的準確度和DSA無明顯差別,SCTA成像通過掃描含造影劑血液后采集數據并重建獲取的圖像,因此,頸動脈狹窄>95%時CT采集數據較少,重建圖像時顯示血流較實際情況小,測量的狹窄率較實際大,存在夸大狹窄傾向,部分患者的SCTA發現血管閉塞但DSA依舊存在血流經過。
3.2 早期針刺對急性腦梗神經功能和hs-CRP的影響 中醫學上認為,腦梗歸屬于“中風”的范疇,主要病因是氣血陰陽虧虛,同時和風、痰、火、瘀等有關,引發氣血逆亂進而致病,腦是元神之府,竅閉則神匿,神不導氣,治療時應堅持疏通經絡和醒腦開竅的原則[17]。針刺選取的人中穴屬于中風治療一個主要穴位,屬于督脈與足陽明經合穴,有著促進氣血運行、疏通經脈和開竅醒腦作用,同時對四肢痙攣拘急能起到緩解效果[18];內關屬于八穴的交會穴,具備安神寧心調血作用[19];三陰交是肝脾腎經氣的交匯位置,對該穴位開展針刺能疏通經絡和調整氣血[20];極泉穴屬于手少陰心經穴位,對其開展針刺能活絡通經,使氣行通暢,改善四肢不收和肩膊不舉癥狀[21];針刺合谷及尺澤,能止痛散瘀、疏通經絡,改善手關節的屈伸功能[22];委中能疏通經絡,對其開展針刺能緩解下肢的屈伸障礙[23]。針刺上述穴位能發揮疏通經絡、化瘀行氣和開竅醒腦作用。本研究結果顯示,治療后,觀察組的NIHSS評分低于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05),說明針刺能改善患者神經功能。分析原因是針刺能改善腦部組織的血流量,提升缺血灶附近血流,改善腦部的缺血和缺氧情況,實現大腦皮質功能重組與功能代償,發揮出腦部可塑性,減少腦細胞死亡,有助于瀕死神經元的功能恢復,進而改善患者神經功能[24]。hs-CRP屬于體內重要炎癥介質之一,本次研究發現,治療后觀察組hs-CRP水平低于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05),說明針刺能降低患者的炎癥水平,考慮原因和針刺可有效抑制腦部缺血引發的炎癥反應相關。
綜上所述,SCTA在頸動脈狹窄診斷中有著重要價值,予以急性腦?;颊咴缙卺槾棠芨纳破渖窠浌δ?,降低其炎癥水平。
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(收稿日期:2020-12-21) (本文編輯:姬思雨)