網絡攻擊的識別與防范

傅穎

Cyber-attacks may sound like something that happens only in Hollywood movies. You picture a team of talented hackers gathered around computer monitors trying to break into a secure bank or government server. In reality， cyber-attacks are much less exciting but no less dangerous.

A typical attack involves a cybercriminal sending out thousands or even millions of links and files. They assume that someone will eventually fall for their trap and open an infected file or page. Somebody always does. The best way to protect yourself is to learn how to recognize cyber-attacks as well as how to prevent them from happening in the first place.

Cyber-attacks can happen to anybody

It doesnt matter who you are; cybercriminals can target you. While many often think of hacking victims as clueless about digital security best practices， this isnt always the case. Hackers are smart. True， there are plenty of apparent scams like the “Nigerian Prince” emails1. But there are as many attacks that can fool even the savviest computer users.

Nowadays， cybercriminals create fake websites and email addresses. You may think youre clicking a link to Dropbox2 only to download malware onto your computer. And you may never know when you have visited the wrong site and downloaded an infected file. So， its up to you to be vigilant and protect yourself.

How to recognize the signs of cyber-attack

You need to recognize suspicious activity on your accounts or devices. While some things may be obvious such as account password changes， others arent so easy to spot. Usually， hackers insert pieces of code into legitimate files and programs. And then， you might receive a file from a trusted sender whose email has been compromised. Sometimes， the data are even real， but the hacker may have inserted a few lines of code that can also infect your computer.

You should take the time to check your “Task Manager” to get a sense of what programs are running. Check anything suspicious thats running in the background. Thats often the sign of malware.

Other things to watch out for include：

Random device or internet slowdown.

The software you dont recognize.

Browser extensions.

Additional pop-ups.

Inability to access your account.

Unscheduled shutdowns and restarts.

What should I do if my computer is infected？

You need to act right away. The longer hackers can access your device and accounts， the more damage they can do. Start an antivirus scan to see if it can identify and isolate the problem. Do not delete any files as hackers may have wrapped them up with your core system. Only use antivirus software to remove infected files.

For your online accounts， the first step is to change your passwords. Dont think only about the account in question. The hack may have compromised the connected accounts. For example， many people use social logins through Google or Facebook to link a variety of accounts. Or they reuse the same password. Youll need to go through each of these accounts and secure them with a new password. Did hacker lock you out of your accounts？ Then try to restore access using your primary or secondary email， phone number， or by contacting the webmasters.

Finally， warn all your contacts about the hack. It will prevent them from downloading the same files that infected your device. Also， they will be aware that someone may try to impersonate you.

How to prevent cyber-attacks

As with everything， prevention is the best medicine. So， instead of waiting for cyber-attacks to hit you， take the following steps to protect yourself：

Secure your online accounts with strong passwords. You can do this by using a password generator. Password generators will create long and complicated passwords （such as “QyV4nXu^wB1SM*[op&D”）. Even the best hackers would struggle to crack them. Of course， remembering a password like this may be complicated. So， consider using an application or a browser extension to encrypt and store passwords.

Enable antivirus tools and scans to run in the background. They will keep an eye out for viruses and malware. Also， comprehensive antivirus software can remove any threats before they create problems for you.

Be careful with hyperlinks and file downloads. Scan all files before downloading to make sure they are malware-free. Double-check the links to make sure senders are who they claim to be. URLs will give away if the link goes to a fake website instead of a real one.

The bottom line

Thousands of cyberattacks happen each day. Hackers take control of 90K of websites every single day. They all have the potential to steal your data， damage your computer， and cost you hundreds or even thousands of dollars. Therefore， you must learn how to recognize cyber-attacks. Keep an eye out for suspicious activity in your accounts and systems. Secure your online presence by using robust passwords. Infected files and links can come your way from a variety of sources， so use anti-malware tools to detect them ASAP. And， most importantly， always be alert not to get infected in the first place.

聽起來，網絡攻擊也許只會出現在好萊塢電影里。想象一下，一幫神通廣大的黑客圍在電腦顯示器旁，試圖入侵銀行或政府的安全服務器。事實上，網絡攻擊沒那么令人興奮，卻同樣危險。

在典型的網絡攻擊中，網絡罪犯發送數千甚至數百萬個鏈接和文件。他們認為終會有人落入陷阱，打開感染病毒的文件或頁面。總有人這么做。保護自己的最佳方法是學習如何識別網絡攻擊并防患于未然。

任何人都可能遭遇網絡攻擊

無論你是誰，網絡罪犯都能攻擊你。很多人往往以為黑客受害者對保護數字安全的最佳做法一無所知，但事實并非總是如此。黑客很聰明。誠然，有很多像“尼日利亞王子”郵件這樣明顯的騙局，但也有很多的攻擊能讓最精明的計算機用戶上當受騙。

如今，網絡罪犯創建虛假網站、偽造郵箱地址。你以為點擊的是多寶箱的鏈接，結果卻下載了惡意軟件到電腦上。你可能永遠都不知道自己什么時候訪問了錯誤的網站，還下載了被感染的文件。所以，你必須提高警惕，保護自己。

如何識別網絡攻擊的跡象

你需要識別賬號或設備上的可疑行為。有些情況或許很明顯，比如篡改賬號密碼，但其他情況就不那么容易被發現了。通常，黑客會在合法的文件和程序中插入一些代碼。然后，你可能會收到來自可信發件人的文件，而其電子郵件已被盜取。有時，數據甚至是真實的，但黑客可能插入了幾行代碼，它們也能感染你的電腦。

你應該花點兒時間檢查“任務管理器”，搞清楚哪些程序正在運行。檢查后臺任何可疑的運行程序，那通常是惡意軟件的跡象。

需要注意的事項還包括：

隨機設備或互聯網減速;

不認識的軟件;

瀏覽器擴展;

多余的彈出窗口;

無法登錄賬號;

莫名的關機和重啟。

電腦感染了病毒，該怎么辦？

你需要立即采取行動。黑客入侵你的設備和賬號的時間越長，造成的損害就越大。啟動殺毒掃描，看它能否識別并隔離病毒。不要刪除任何文件，因為黑客可能已經將它們和你的核心系統捆綁在了一起。只用殺毒軟件刪除被感染的文件。

關于你的線上賬號，第一步是更改密碼。不要只考慮可疑賬號，黑客可能已經入侵了關聯賬號。例如，許多人通過谷歌或臉書社交賬號登錄網站，關聯多個賬號，或重復使用同一個密碼。你需要檢查每一個賬號，并設置新密碼以確保其安全可靠。黑客鎖了你的賬號？那就通過主要或次要電子郵件、電話號碼或聯系網站管理員，嘗試恢復訪問。

最后，將這次攻擊告知你所有的聯系人。這將阻止他們下載感染你設備的那些文件。而且，他們會意識到有人可能試圖冒充你。

如何防止網絡攻擊

預防是最佳方法，萬事皆如此。因此，與其坐等網絡攻擊找上你，不如采取以下措施來保護自己：

使用高強度密碼保護線上賬號。可以使用密碼生成器實現這一點。密碼生成器會創建長而復雜的密碼（如“QyV4nXu^wB1SM *[op&D”），即使是最厲害的黑客也很難破解。當然，記住這樣的密碼可能很困難。所以，可以考慮使用應用程序或瀏覽器擴展來加密和存儲密碼。

后臺運行殺毒工具和掃描軟件。它們會密切關注病毒和惡意軟件。此外，全面殺毒軟件可以清除任何威脅，防止它們給你制造麻煩。

謹慎使用超鏈接和下載文件。下載之前要掃描所有文件，確保它們不帶惡意軟件。再三檢查鏈接，確保發件人屬實。如果鏈接指向的是假網站而不是真網站，我們就會知道網址有問題。

重中之重

每天都有成千上萬的網絡攻擊發生。黑客每天攻占的網站達9萬個。這些人都有可能竊取你的數據，破壞你的電腦，讓你損失數百甚至數千美元。因此，你必須學會識別網絡攻擊。注意賬號和系統中的可疑行為。使用強效密碼保護線上信息。有毒文件和鏈接能通過各種渠道找上你，所以要盡快使用反惡意軟件工具發現它們。最重要的是，時刻保持警惕，防患于未然。

（譯者為“《英語世界》杯”翻譯大賽獲獎者）