走近空難調(diào)查員

羅雅丹

When it comes to planning investigations into major aeroplane crashes such as Lockerbie in 1988， the Madrid crash in August 2008 or the Chicago OHare crash1 from 1979， all of which involved a tremendous loss of life， nothing can be left to chance.

諸如1988年洛克比空難、2008年8月馬德里空難或1979年美國(guó)航空191號(hào)班機(jī)空難這樣的大空難都曾造成重大人員傷亡。對(duì)這樣的大型空難發(fā)起調(diào)查，不能有半點(diǎn)疏忽。

In the UK， aeroplane crashes come under the domain of The Air Accidents Investigation Branch （AAIB）， which is responsible for the investigation of civil aircraft accidents and serious incidents within the UK. They are also often called upon to assist in military incidents as well as aviation accidents overseas， especially where British registered planes are involved. Their aim is to respond quickly to air accidents and serious incidents and lead and manage the accident investigation team. On their website， the AAIB stresses that the aim of an investigation is ‘to improve aviation safety by determining the causes of air accidents and serious incidents and making safety recommendations intended to prevent recurrence—it is not to apportion2 blame or liability.

在英國(guó)，空難調(diào)查歸口航空事故調(diào)查局（AAIB）。該機(jī)構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)英國(guó)境內(nèi)民用航空事故和重大飛行事故的調(diào)查。它也經(jīng)常參與軍用飛機(jī)事故和海外航空事故調(diào)查，尤其當(dāng)失事飛機(jī)是在英國(guó)注冊(cè)時(shí)。AAIB旨在對(duì)航空事故和重大飛行事故做出快速反應(yīng)，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)并管理事故調(diào)查組。在官網(wǎng)上，AAIB強(qiáng)調(diào)其調(diào)查目的在于“確定航空事故和重大飛行事故原因，提出安全建議， 避免重蹈覆轍，以提高航空安全，而并非是為了追究責(zé)任”。

After a crash has happened the AAIB will appoint an Inspector of Air Accidents or the Investigator-in-Charge to oversee the investigation. The Inspector of Air Accidents has legal powers， but must work closely with the Police and Emergency Services. Just some of the powers they have are： free access to the aircraft wreckage and its contents; immediate access to flight recorders3 and the ability to take sworn statements from those involved or eye witnesses. They also have the authority to impound an aircraft if they believe it is necessary for the success of the investigation.

空難發(fā)生后，AAIB會(huì)委派一位空難督查員或調(diào)查官來(lái)監(jiān)管調(diào)查。空難督查員有法定權(quán)力，但必須與警方及應(yīng)急部門(mén)密切合作。他們擁有以下權(quán)力：自由進(jìn)入飛機(jī)殘骸和內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu);立即獲得飛行記錄儀;獲取相關(guān)人員或目擊者的宣誓證詞;如果是調(diào)查所需，他們還有權(quán)扣留飛機(jī)，以便完成調(diào)查任務(wù)。

The Investigator-in-Charge will assemble a team of investigators and decide which specialist working groups are required and will co-ordinate and direct the efforts of the groups.

調(diào)查官會(huì)組建一個(gè)調(diào)查團(tuán)隊(duì)，決定成立哪些專(zhuān)家工作小組，并協(xié)調(diào)、指揮調(diào)查工作。

Meet the Go Team

揭秘“快速行動(dòng)隊(duì)”

Aside from the danger of toxic parts， falling wreckage and fire hazards， another major danger for air crash investigators is the risk of being exposed to disease from blood-borne4 pathogens5. Blood-borne pathogens are viruses， bacteria， and parasites that are present in the blood， tissue， or other body fluids of infected persons.

除有毒部件、墜落殘骸和火災(zāi)隱患所帶來(lái)的危險(xiǎn)外，空難調(diào)查員還面臨因接觸血源性病原體而感染的危險(xiǎn)。血源性病原體是存在于病人血液、組織或體液內(nèi)的病毒、細(xì)菌和寄生蟲(chóng)。

They could include， but are not limited to the hepatitis B and C virus （HBV） and HIV， which causes AIDS. Some of these viruses do not die upon contact with oxygen or when the fluids dry out. Studies， in fact， show that certain climatic conditions may prolong the infectiousness of HIV.

這些病原體包括但不限于乙型和丙型肝炎病毒、艾滋病病毒。有些病毒并不會(huì)因接觸氧氣或因體液變干而立刻死亡。事實(shí)上，有研究證明，特定氣候條件會(huì)延長(zhǎng)艾滋病病毒的傳染期。

Therefore， those working in or around the wreckage of a crash site， particularly in countries or regions of the world where infectious diseases are more common， must use extreme caution to minimize direct contact with blood-borne viruses. The National Transport Safety Board in the US states that at a minimum， heavy leather work gloves over non-permeable rubber gloves should be used， also stressing that when investigators are likely to come into contact with blood or human remains， full face masks， protective goggles6， and disposable overalls and boots must be worn.

因此，在失事飛機(jī)殘骸內(nèi)部或周?chē)ぷ鞯娜藛T，尤其是在傳染病較為常見(jiàn)的國(guó)家或地區(qū)，必須極其謹(jǐn)慎，盡可能減少與血源性病毒直接接觸。美國(guó)國(guó)家運(yùn)輸安全委員會(huì)（NTSB）要求調(diào)查員必須按照最低防護(hù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在防滲橡膠手套上加戴厚皮工作手套;在可能接觸血液或人體殘骸時(shí)，必須佩戴全面罩和護(hù)目鏡，穿一次性工作服和防護(hù)靴。

The speed with which investigators can get to the scene of a disaster is crucial in helping to pinpoint the cause of a plane crash， which is why lead investigators are on-call for immediate assignment.

調(diào)查員抵達(dá)空難現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的速度對(duì)找到飛機(jī)失事原因至關(guān)重要。這也是首席調(diào)查員隨時(shí)待命的原因所在。

The National Transport Safety Board in the US refers to their standby team as the ‘Go Team， while the AAIB in the UK refers to it somewhat less glamorously as the ‘Field team. They are both essentially the same—a team of investigation specialists on hand to co-ordinate the investigation of an aeroplane crash.

NTSB把隨時(shí)待命的調(diào)查組命名為“快速行動(dòng)隊(duì)”。AAIB稱(chēng)之為“現(xiàn)場(chǎng)工作組”，顯得較為低調(diào)。它們?cè)谛再|(zhì)上相同，都是由專(zhuān)業(yè)人員組成，隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備奔赴空難現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，協(xié)助調(diào)查。

On major crashes there could be more than 100 people with expert knowledge required， with representatives from numerous agencies， government departments and international specialists all called in to help.

大型空難調(diào)查可能需要100多位專(zhuān)業(yè)人員參與，召集眾多機(jī)構(gòu)、政府部門(mén)代表和國(guó)際專(zhuān)家協(xié)助調(diào)查。

Typically， a full Go Team may consist of the following specialists： air traffic control， operations， meteorology7， human performance， structures， systems， powerplants， maintenance records， survival factors， aircraft performance， cockpit voice recorder （CVR）， flight data recorder （FDR）， and metallurgy8 experts.

通常，一個(gè)完整的“快速行動(dòng)隊(duì)”由以下領(lǐng)域?qū)＜覙?gòu)成：空中交通管制、運(yùn)行、氣象、人為表現(xiàn)、飛機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)、飛機(jī)系統(tǒng)、動(dòng)力裝置、維修記錄、幸存因素、飛機(jī)性能、駕駛艙語(yǔ)音記錄器、飛行數(shù)據(jù)記錄器和冶金學(xué)等。

In the United Kingdom the AAIB team may also include a medical adviser. This person is usually， but not exclusively， a specialist in aviation pathology seconded9 from the Royal Air Force （RAF） because， the AAIB argues， it is important for the pathologist dealing with an air accident to have knowledge of aviation and aviation medicine so as to not miss any vital evidence that could be crucial to an investigation.

英國(guó)AAIB工作組還可能配有一名醫(yī)療顧問(wèn)，通常是由皇家空軍調(diào)派的航空病理學(xué)專(zhuān)家。AAIB認(rèn)為，參與空難調(diào)查的病理學(xué)家應(yīng)具備航空和航空醫(yī)學(xué)知識(shí)，以確保不錯(cuò)過(guò)任何關(guān)鍵線(xiàn)索。

Additional groups may be formed to interview witnesses， examine the response of aircraft rescue and firefighting （ARFF） personnel， or other duties， as required， to support the investigation. In addition to these experts， the lead air crash investigator will often also call in experts from the plane operating company， aircraft manufacturer and powerplant manufacturers， so that they can assist in any detailed technical issues raised.

為了支持調(diào)查工作，有時(shí)會(huì)根據(jù)需要增設(shè)工作組，負(fù)責(zé)采訪目擊者、審查飛機(jī)救援人員、消防人員的應(yīng)急反應(yīng)，以及其他必須調(diào)查的任務(wù)。除上述人員外，首席調(diào)查員還經(jīng)常召集航空公司、飛機(jī)制造商和動(dòng)力裝置生產(chǎn)商的有關(guān)專(zhuān)家，幫助解決調(diào)查中出現(xiàn)的各種具體技術(shù)問(wèn)題。

A good example of a plane manufacturers effectiveness in helping to solve the cause of a plane crash can be seen in the crash that killed rising R&B10 star Aaliyah in 2001. In the immediate aftermath investigators were unsure what caused the crash， however， when the number of passengers on board was revealed—nine， plus lots of additional baggage—the manufacturers of the Cessna 402B plane revealed that the plane was only licensed to carry between six and eight people， including a pilot.

飛機(jī)制造商可以幫助調(diào)查，找到空難原因。一個(gè)典型的例子就是2001年那場(chǎng)導(dǎo)致冉冉升起的節(jié)奏藍(lán)調(diào)新星艾莉雅喪生的空難。一開(kāi)始，調(diào)查人員無(wú)法確定失事原因。后經(jīng)披露，飛機(jī)失事時(shí)共載有9名乘客，還有超重行李。根據(jù)這架塞斯納402B型飛機(jī)的制造商公司提供的信息，該機(jī)核載人數(shù)為6至8人，包括飛行員在內(nèi)。事故原因就此揭開(kāi)。

Are air crash investigators ever at risk themselves？

空難調(diào)查員身陷危險(xiǎn)？

Typically， air craft investigators arrive at the scene a short time after the emergency services， which face a far greater risk. Air Crash Investigators do not approach the site until all survivors—if any—have been recovered from the wreckage. However， there are some risks involved when conducting an investigation into a plane crash. Those involved in the recovery， examination， and documentation of wreckage may find themselves exposed to physical risk from such things as hazardous cargo， flammable or toxic materials and vapors， sharp or heavy objects， pressurized equipment， and even disease. Typically， a member of the investigation team—in conjunction with other agencies at the scene， such as police and fire departments， will conduct a safety analysis before allowing additional people onto the crash site—if the risks are deemed too high then the site remains out of bounds for investigators.

通常，空難調(diào)查員在應(yīng)急人員之后一段時(shí)間到達(dá)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，面臨的危險(xiǎn)相對(duì)少很多。當(dāng)幸存者（如有）從飛機(jī)殘骸中被搜救出后，調(diào)查員才會(huì)進(jìn)入現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。但是，對(duì)失事飛機(jī)進(jìn)行調(diào)查仍存在一定危險(xiǎn)。搜尋、檢查和記錄殘骸的工作人員可能接觸到危險(xiǎn)貨物、易燃或有毒材料和蒸汽、尖銳物或重物、加壓設(shè)備，甚至受到疾病的威脅。按照慣例，調(diào)查組會(huì)先派出一名人員，與警察和消防人員等其他機(jī)構(gòu)人員，進(jìn)入現(xiàn)場(chǎng)開(kāi)展安全分析，然后再安排其他人員進(jìn)入。如果認(rèn)為危險(xiǎn)程度太高，調(diào)查員不得進(jìn)入現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。? ? ? ? ?□

（譯者單位：南京航空航天大學(xué)）