Memoir of Hubei

Whether in the process of finding ways to save and rejuvenate the nation,or in the course of making

the country prosperous and strong,people living and working in Hubei have committed to being pioneers since time immemorial.United together for progress,they fight against despair,strive for hope,and pursue a ray of light in the darkness whilst seeking excellence.They are heroic,great,and glorious people.

During the period of the New Democratic Revolution,Hubei was an important birthplace of the Chinese revolution,as well as various Party organizations and the People’s Liberation Army of China.Hubei has played a pivotal role in different historical stages of the Communist Party of China,from its founding to the Great Revolution,the Agrarian Revolution,the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression,and the War of Liberation.

Since one of the Party’s earliest organizations was established in Hubei to the complete liberation of the province,the red flags of CPC flew high throughout Hubei for 28 years.22 years of armed struggles soaked this land with the blood of the liberation fighters.700,000 people of Hubei laid down their precious lives to the Chinese revolution.235 Hubei heroes were awarded the military ranks of marshals or generals after the founding of the People’s Republic of China.As Chairman Mao said,“Those who have great ambitions are willing to sacrifice their lives,aspiring for breaking the yoke of the old society and creating a brand new world.”

從救國到興國，從富民到強國，荊楚兒女，自古敢為人先，團結向上，為命運抗爭，為希望奮斗，追求光明，追求卓越，是英勇的，是偉大的，更是光榮的。

新民主主義革命時期，湖北是中國革命的重要策源地，是中共黨組織和人民軍隊的重要誕生地。在黨的創建時期、大革命時期、土地革命時期、抗日戰爭時期和解放戰爭時期各個歷史階段，湖北均占有舉足輕重的地位。

從湖北建立中國共產黨早期組織到湖北全境解放，湖北28年紅旗不倒，22年武裝斗爭相繼，熱血鑄就了這塊紅色的土地，70 萬荊楚兒女為中國革命獻出了寶貴的生命，235 位共和國將帥從這里走出。

為有犧牲多壯志，敢叫日月換新天。

5 Representatives in the First CPC National Congress Were from Hubei

湖北為黨的一大輸送5 位代表

The First National Congress of the Communist Party of China,held 100 years ago,announced the formal establishment of the CPC.The Party organizations across the countr y sent 13 representatives to attend the meeting,including five representatives from Hubei:Li Hanjun,Dong Biwu,Chen Tanqiu,Liu Renjing,and Bao Huiseng.

100年前召開的中共一大，宣告中國共產黨正式成立。黨組織共派出13 位代表出席黨的第一次全國代表大會。湖北籍代表有李漢俊、董必武、陳潭秋、劉仁靜和包惠僧共5 名。

董必武Dong Biwu1886-1975湖北紅安人 Hongan,Hubei

After attending the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China,Dong Biwu and Chen Tanqiu returned to Wuhan and established the CPC Wuhan Committee.After the failure of the Great Revolution (1924-1927),the leaders of the CPC East Hubei Special Committee launched the famous Huangma Uprising in the name of Dong Biwu.In October 1934,Dong hit the road with comrades in the Long March.Later,during the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression,as a member of the delegation of the CPC Central Committee,Dong took part in the negotiations with the Kuomintang.After the founding of the People’s Republic of China,he served successively as Vice Premier,Vice President,and Acting President of the People’s Republic of China.

中共一大后，董必武和陳潭秋回到武漢，成立中共武漢地方委員會。大革命失敗后，中共鄂東特委領導以董必武的名義發動著名的黃麻起義。1934年10月，董必武參加長征?？箲鹬?，作為中共中央代表團成員之一進行國共談判。中華人民共和國成立后歷任政務院副總理、國家副主席、代主席等職。

陳潭秋Chen Tanqiu1896-1943湖北黃岡人 Huanggang,Hubei

In 1922,Chen Tanqiu served as a member of the CPC Wuhan Committee,in charge of organization.In 1923,he was one of the leaders of the Beijing-Hankou Railway Strike,and later went to Anyuan,Jiangxi,to mobilize labor movements and build Party organizations.In 1924,he returned to Wuhan to serve as secretary of the CPC Wuhan Committee.He then successively served as party leader in the regions of Central China,Southeast China,North China,Northeast China,South China,and Northwest China.In 1943,he was murdered in Urumqi,Xinjiang.

1922年，任中共武漢區委委員，主管組織工作。1923年，參與領導京漢鐵路大罷工，后到江西安源從事工人運動和建黨工作。1924年，回到武漢任中共武漢地委書記。歷任華中、東南、華北、東北、華南和西北黨的負責人。1943年，犧牲于新疆烏魯木齊。

李漢俊Li Hanjun1890-1927湖北潛江人 Qianjiang,Hubei

Li Hanjun studied in Japan in his early years.Influenced by the famous Japanese Marxist and economist Hajime Kawakami,Li started to believe in Marxism.After returning to China,he actively promoted Marxism and the spirit of the October Revolution in Russia,and initiated the establishment of early Communist Party organizations in Shanghai with Chen Duxiu and many others.In 1922,Li Hanjun returned to Wuhan from Shanghai,taught at Wuchang Zhonghua University and Wuchang Higher Normal School,and was one of the leaders of the Beijing-Hankou Railway Strike.At the end of 1927,Li Hanjun was arrested by a reactionary warlord and killed on December 17th of that year.He was the first of the initial 13 representatives of the Communist Party of China to lose his life to the revolution.

早年留學日本，受日本著名馬克思主義經濟學家河上肇影響，信仰馬克思主義?；貒蠓e極宣傳馬克思主義和俄國十月革命，和陳獨秀等發起成立共產黨上海早期組織。1922年，從上?；氐轿錆h，在武昌中華大學、武昌高等師范學校執教，參加領導了后來的京漢鐵路大罷工。1927年底，被反動軍閥逮捕，12月17日遇害，他是中共一大13 位代表中第一個為革命獻身的人。

包惠僧Bao Huiseng1894-1979湖北團風人 Tuanfeng,Hubei

From 1922 to 1923,Bao Huiseng successively served as director of the Yangtze River Branch of the Secretariat of the Chinese Labor Union,member and secretary of the CPC Beijing Committee,and chairman of the CPC Wuhan Committee.Following the failure of the Great Revolution (1924-1927),he quit the CPC,astray and misguided.When the People’s Republic of China was founded,Bao Huiseng,who was in Macau at that time,made a request to return.After his return,he wrote and published a large number of memoirs about the Party during the founding period and the period of the Great Revolution (1924-1927),under the pseudonym“Old Man Qiwu,” and later publishedMemoirs of Bao Huiseng.

1922年至1923年，任中國勞動組合書記部長江支部主任、中共北京區委員會委員兼秘書、中共武漢區委員會委員長。大革命失敗后，誤入歧途。中華人民共和國成立后，身在澳門的包惠僧提出復歸。復歸后，他以“棲梧老人”為筆名，發表大量關于建黨時期和大革命時期的回憶文章，后結集出版《包惠僧回憶錄》。

劉仁靜Liu Renjing1902-1987湖北應城人 Yingcheng,Hubei

Liu Renjing was the youngest representative of the First CPC National Congress.In 1922,he foundedPioneermagazine with Deng Zhongxia.Following the founding of the People’s Republic of China,he worked as a special editor at the People’s Publishing House,engaging in translation.He later served as Counselor of the State Council,and died in Beijing on August 5,1987.

最年輕的一大代表。1922年，與鄧中夏一起創辦《先驅》雜志。中華人民共和國成立后，到人民出版社擔任特約編輯，從事翻譯工作。后任國務院參事，1987年8月5日在北京逝世。

The site of the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China中共一大舊址

The three major forces of the Red Army were born and developed in Hubei.140,000 brave sons and daughters dedicated themselves to the revolution.They forged the Hong’an Spirit in blood.3 支紅軍主力部隊孕育成長，14 萬英雄兒女為革命獻身，用鮮血凝鑄成紅安精神。

Cheng Ruji holding the broadsword his grandfather Cheng Zhaoxu used in the war.程儒繼展示爺爺程昭續烈士用過的大刀。

The Huangma Uprising Best Interprets the Truth “The People Make the Country”

黃麻起義詮釋“人民就是江山”

In September of 1927,the Communist Party Committee of Huang’an County (now Hong’an County) in Hubei Province launched the September Revolt and introduced the slogan of Agrarian Revolution to farmers and peasants for the first time,opening the prelude to the subsequent Huangma(Huang’an-Macheng) Uprising.Since then,red flags have been fluttering over this hot land.Here is where the three main forces of the Red Army were born and nurtured; and 140,000 heroic people sacrificed their lives for the revolution,using their blood to forge the Hong’an Spirit of “united as one,following the leadership of the Party,being honest,courageous and resilient,and never getting loose without seizing the final victory.”

Huang’an has a famous ballad that sings:“Never belittle the little county of Huang'an,for 480,000 people would be convening at the sound of gongs,with men to fight and women to provide.” Why is it that here “When the gongs are ringing,480,000 are convening?” Why were the people not afraid of death? Why were they persevering and unremittingly following the party? Why did the revolutionary red flags never fall here? And why did the revolutionary flames always burn amidst the bloody storm?

The answer has been proven by history:The country relies on the people,and the people make the country.

Pan Zhongru,the commander-in-chief of the uprising,Wu Guanghao,the deputy commander-in-chief,and Wu Huanxian,one of the main leaders,were all in their 20s when they sacrificed their lives.In Guanyinge Village,Qiliping Town of Hong’an County,Qin Guangyuan led 55 villagers to participate in the revolution.In the end,he was the only survivor who witnessed the birth of the People’s Republic of China and became the founding general.The 55 martyrs had an average age of 26,with the youngest being only 14 years old.

There was no regular army in the Huangma Uprising,and all the participants were peasants.At that time,about 200,000 people,men and women,old and young alike,were mobilized.Many young and middle-aged peasants enrolled in the Red Army,for which many touching scenes could be seen when the wives seeing their husbands off and mothers seeing their children off.Sometimes in just one day,more than 800 soldiers were drafted or enlisted.The people of Huang’an didn’t care about themselves.They sent their last rice to feed the Red Army,their last cloth to warm the Army,their last old cotton jackets to cover stretchers,and their last loved ones to the battlefield.“We are going to not only take over Huang’an County.We are hitting the roads,and going to take over the Dabie Mountains.We are going to take over the whole country.” These were Pan Zhongru’s sonorous last words.

1927年9月，湖北省黃安縣（今紅安縣）委發動九月暴動，第一次向農民提出中國共產黨土地革命的口號，揭開黃麻起義的序幕。從此，紅旗漫卷這片熱土：3 支紅軍主力部隊孕育成長，14 萬英雄兒女為革命獻身，用鮮血凝鑄成“萬眾一心、緊跟黨走、樸誠勇毅、不勝不休”的紅安精神。

“小小黃安，真不簡單；銅鑼一響，四十八萬；男將打仗，女將送飯?！边@就是著名的《黃安謠》。為什么這里“銅鑼一響，四十八萬”，人民群眾不怕犧牲、百折不撓，堅定不移跟黨走？為什么在腥風血雨中，這里的革命紅旗始終不倒，革命火焰始終燃燒？

歷史給出的答案是：江山就是人民，人民就是江山。

起義總指揮潘忠汝、副總指揮吳光浩、主要領導人之一吳煥先犧牲時，都才20 多歲。紅安縣七里坪鎮觀音閣村，秦光遠帶領55 位村民參加革命，最終只有他一人見證了共和國的誕生，成為開國將軍。這55 名烈士，平均年齡26 歲，年紀最小的僅14 歲。

黃麻起義沒有正規軍隊，參加者都是農民。當時動員起來的群眾約20萬，男的女的、老的少的，都出動了。當年，廣大青壯年踴躍報名參加紅軍，涌現出了許多妻送夫、母送子的動人場面，一天就征兵800 余人。老百姓把最后一碗米送去做軍糧，最后一尺布送去縫軍裝，最后一件老棉襖蓋在擔架上，最后一個親骨肉送上戰場?！拔覀儾粌H打下一個黃安縣，我們還要打遍大別山，打遍全中國，打出我們的大路，打出我們的江山?！边@是潘忠汝的鏗鏘遺言。

Pan Zhongru,commander-in-chief of the Huangan-Macheng Uprising,was only 21 years old when he was killed.(Profile picture)黃麻起義總指揮潘忠汝，犧牲時年僅二十一歲。(資料圖片)

3,011 Red Army martyrs were buried in Etangyan Cemetery Park,among which only 29 are named,while the other 2,982 are only identified by numbers.鵝塘堰烈士墓林至今安息著3011 位紅軍烈士，有名字的僅29 位，2982 名無名烈士用編號代替。

This site,at No.41 Sanjiao Street,the former Russian Concession,Hankou,is where the August 7th Conference of the CPC (1927) was held.The meeting summed up the lessons of the failure of the Great Revolution (1924-1927) and set up a strategy that would launch agrarian revolutions and uprisings.From then on,Chinese society started to witness a historic shift from the Great Revolution to the Agrarian Revolution (1927-1937).八七會議舊址，漢口原俄租界三教街41 號。會議總結了大革命失敗的教訓，確立了實行土地革命和武裝起義的方針，中國革命從此開始由大革命失敗到土地革命戰爭興起的歷史性轉變。

An Important Birthplace of the People’s Army

人民軍隊的重要發源地

On August 7,1927,when the Chinese revolution was facing a severe do-or-die moment,

the Communist Party of China convened an emergency conference in Hankou.There the Party summed up the lessons of the failures of the Great Revolution (1924-1927) and repositioned to a strategy of launching massive land revolutions and uprisings nationwide.After that,the Chinese Revolution embarked on its historic journey,shifting from the failed Great Revolution (1924-1927) to the launch of the Agrarian Revolution (1927-1937).

Guided by the spirit of the August 7th Conference (1927),the Party Committee of Hubei organized a series of armed uprisings.It successively set up six revolutionary bases in Hubei and its surrounding areas,including the Hubei-Henan-Anhui Base,Hunan-Western Hubei Base,and Hunan-Hubei-Jiangxi Base,and more importantly,established major people’s revolutionary armed forces,such as the Fourth Front Army,the Second and Third Corps,and the Twenty-Fifth Army of the Red Army,which then accounted for about half of the country’s forces in the Red Army and laid a solid foundation for the Agrarian Revolution.

From October of 1934 to October of 1936,the First,Second,and Fourth Front Armies of the Red Army and the 25th Army of the Red Army,under the leadership of the Communist Party of China,successively carried out a strategic shift—marching from the revolutionary bases in the north and south of the Yangtze River to the Shaanxi-Gansu region in North China.The Long March,as it became known,stunned the world.

In October of 1937,the Kuomintang and the CPC reached an agreement to reorganize the Red Army and guerrillas in the 8 provinces and 14 regions of south China into the New Fourth Army of the National Revolutionary Army (referred to as the New Fourth Army),and Ye Ting established the first headquarters in Wuhan for the New Army.

1927年8月7日，在中國革命處于嚴重危機的時刻，中國共產黨在漢口召開緊急會議，總結了大革命失敗的教訓，確立了實行土地革命和武裝起義的方針。中國革命從此開始由大革命失敗到土地革命興起的歷史性轉變。

在八七會議精神的指引下，湖北地區黨相繼組織發動了一系列武裝起義，在湖北及周邊地區開辟了鄂豫皖、湘鄂西、湘鄂贛等6 大革命根據地，組建了紅四方面軍、紅二軍團、紅三軍團和紅二十五軍等主力紅軍，創建了占全國主力紅軍二分之一左右的人民革命武裝，為土地革命奠定了重要基礎。

1934年10月至1936年10月，中國共產黨領導的中國工農紅軍第一、第二、第四方面軍和第二十五軍陸續從長江南北各革命根據地向陜甘地區進行戰略大轉移，這就是震驚世界的兩萬五千里長征。

1937年10月，國共兩黨達成協議，將南方8 省14 地區的紅軍、游擊隊改編為國民革命軍陸軍新編第四軍（簡稱新四軍），葉挺在武漢組建新四軍首個軍部。

Teng Daiyuan,secretary of the Special Committee of the Communist Party of China for Hunan-Hubei-Jiangxi Border Area.In the spring of 1928,the Special Committee of CPC Hunan-Hubei-Jiangxi Border Area was set up,and the Fifth Army of the Chinese Workers’and Peasants’ Red Army was established.1928年春，中共湘鄂贛邊特委成立，建立了中國工農紅軍第五軍。圖為中共湘鄂贛邊特委書記滕代遠。

Xu Jishen,commander of the First Red Army.Between March and April of 1930,the Special Committee of CPC Hubei-Henan-Anhui Border Areas was set up to collectively manage the Party organizations in the three revolutionary bases of the Hubei-Henan Border Area,Southeast Henan Area,and West Anhui Area,and the First Red Army was established.1930年3-4月，統一管轄鄂豫邊、豫東南、皖西三塊根據地黨組織的中共鄂豫皖邊特委和紅一軍先后成立。圖為紅一軍軍長許繼慎。

He Long,commander-in-chief of the Second Corps of the Red Army.On July 4,1930,the Fourth Red Army and the Sixth Red Army successfully joined forces in Gong’an County,Hubei,to form the Second Corps of the Red Army.1930年7月4日，紅四軍和紅六軍在公安縣勝利會師，成立紅二軍團。圖為紅二軍團總指揮賀龍。

Xu Xiangqian,commanderin-chief of the Fourth Front Army of the CPC established in Qiliping,Huang’an County(Now Hong’an County),Hubei in November of 1931.1931年11月，中國工農紅軍第四方面軍在七里坪成立。圖為總指揮徐向前。

Party and military leaders in charge of the border region in Jingshan County,Hubei Province:Zhu Lizhi (left),Chen Shaomin (middle),and Li Xiannian (right) in the front row,and Zheng Shaowen (left)and Liu Shaoqing (right) in the back row.In January 1940,the New Fourth Army’s Henan-Hubei Advance Brigade was established,with Li Xiannian serving as the commander and Zhu Lizhi as the political commissar.1940年1月，新四軍豫鄂挺進縱隊成立，李先念任司令員，朱理治任政治委員。圖為邊區黨和軍隊主要負責人在京山合影。前排左起：朱理治、陳少敏、李先念，后排左起：鄭紹文、劉少卿。

The Twenty-Fifth Army of the Red Army,which arrived in northern Shaanxi after the Long March from the Hubei-Henan-Anhui Border Area,joins forces with the Twentysixth and Twenty-seventh Armies in Yongping Town,North Shaanxi to form the Fifteenth Corps of the Red Army on September 5,1935.1935年9月5日，由鄂豫皖長征到達陜北的紅二十五軍與陜北紅二十六、二十七軍在陜北永平鎮會師，成立紅十五軍團。圖為會師時的情景。

Deng Xiaoping giving a report titled “The Current Situation and Advancing to Dabie Mountains” at the Cadre Conference held at the Dabie Mountains.鄧小平在大別山召開的干部大會上作《目前的形勢和挺進大別山》的報告。

CPC troops breaking through the Kuomintang army’s blockade in the Central Plains Breakthrough Campaign.中原突圍部隊突破國民黨部隊封鎖錢。

“The Central Plains Breakthrough”—Starting point of the National War of Liberation

“中原突圍”全國解放戰爭的起點

After the victory of the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression,

China entered a period of decisive battle with two destinies and two futures at stake.The Liberated Areas of the Central Plains,centered in Hubei,was the top choice for the Kuomintang army to launch a war against the CPC due to its strategic position.On June 26,1946,the Kuomintang brazenly scrapped the “Armistice Agreement” and laid a large-scale siege on the troops of the CPC Central Plains Military Region,openly provoking a full-scale civil war.In accordance with the instructions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,the troops of the Central Plains Military Region launched the Central Plains Breakthrough Campaign.This event opened the prelude to the National Liberation War and became a milestone for the CPC to move from guerrilla bases to the whole country.

Within a year of the Central Plains Breakthrough Campaign,major changes had taken place in the landscape of the war.The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China made the strategic decision that ordered the army led by Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping to march a thousand miles to the Dabie Mountains.In June of 1947,Liu and Deng’s army marched to the Dabie Mountains and set up a new liberated area in the Central Plains,which was home to a population of 30 million.This marked a great shift for the CPC,from strategic defense to strategic offensive over the 20 years of the people’s revolutionary war,as Chairman Mao Zedong commented:“Once this shift occurs,our national victory will inevitably occur.”

The Fifth Division of the New Fourth Army and the Central Plains Military Region continued to grow and develop.They established and expanded many liberated areas,such as the Hubei-Henan Liberated Area,Yangtze-Hanshui Liberated Area,Tongbai Liberated Area,and the Southern Shaanxi Liberated Area,one after another.The Central Plains region,which had an extremely important strategic position,was now a strategic outpost for the Chinese Communist Party’s northward expansion and southward defense system.

抗日戰爭勝利后，中國進入到兩種命運、兩種前途的決戰時期，以湖北為中心的中原解放區，因其特殊的戰略地位而成為國民黨軍發動內戰的首選目標。1946年6月26日，國民黨軍悍然撕毀“停戰協定”，向中原軍區部隊發動大舉圍攻，公然挑起大規模全面內戰。中原軍區部隊根據中共中央指示，發起了震驚中外的中原突圍戰役，揭開了全國解放戰爭的序幕，成為黨從根據地走向全國的一座里程碑。

中原突圍一年后，全國戰局發生了重大變化，中共中央作出了劉鄧大軍千里躍進大別山的戰略決策。1947年6月，劉鄧大軍千里躍進大別山，開辟了擁有3000 萬人口的新的中原解放區，勝利實現了人民革命戰爭20年來由戰略防御向戰略進攻的轉變。毛澤東評價說：“這個事變一經發生，它就將必然地走向全國的勝利?！?/p>

新四軍第五師和中原軍區部隊不斷發展壯大，鄂豫、江漢、桐柏、陜南等解放區相繼建立和發展。戰略地位極其重要的中原地區成為中國共產黨向北發展、向南防御體系的戰略前哨。

The major forces of the Army,led by Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping,marching southward and down to the Yangtze River to evade the enemy’s siege.為擺脫敵軍合擊，劉鄧大軍主力長驅直下，逼近長江。

Liu Bocheng (right) and Deng Xiaoping on the military campaign to South China南征途中的劉伯承（右）和鄧小平

Mao Zedong (third from right in the front row)with the cadres of the 359th Brigade who arrived in Yan’an after achieving victory in the Central Plains Breakthrough Campaign.毛澤東（前排右三）同中原突圍后到達延安的第三五九旅干部合影。

People from all walks of life in Wuhan celebrate the liberation of Wuhan and Shanghai on June 4,1949.1949年6月4日，武漢市各界慶祝武漢上海解放大會。