不定式作定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)用法歸納

孫惠琪

不定式是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的一種形式，它具有名詞的特征，在句子中可以作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ);具有形容詞的特征，在句子中可以作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)足語(yǔ);具有副詞的特征，在句子中可以作狀語(yǔ)。本文主要講述其作定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)的用法。

一、不定式作定語(yǔ)

1. 被修飾的名詞或詞組是不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。如：

There was really nothing to fear. 沒(méi)有什么值得擔(dān)心的。

He gave me an interesting book to read. 他給了我一本有趣的書來(lái)讀。

【注意】 如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，后面就得加相應(yīng)的介詞。如：

Mary needs a friend to play with. 瑪麗需要一個(gè)和她玩的朋友。

They have a strict teacher to listen to. 他們有一個(gè)他們得言聽(tīng)計(jì)從的嚴(yán)格的老師。

2. 被修飾的名詞詞組是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)。如：

Have you got a key to unlock door？ 你有鑰匙打開(kāi)門嗎？

The action to be taken is correct. 要采取的行動(dòng)是正確的。

There is nothing to be gained by pretending. 通過(guò)假裝是得不到好處的。

3. 被修飾的名詞詞組是不定式的同位結(jié)構(gòu)。這類名詞通常是表示企圖、努力、傾向、目的、愿望、打算、能力、意向等意義的名詞，如ability， effort， attempt， hobby， wish等。如：

Neither of them had any hobby to do business with Mary. 他們都沒(méi)有興趣和瑪麗做生意。

I have no wish to quarrel with you. 我不想和你吵架。

4. 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)，有時(shí)用主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)的意義。如果不定式中的動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，還要與相應(yīng)的介詞連用。但不定式修飾time， place， way等名詞時(shí)，常省略介詞。如：

There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上他回家時(shí)兩手空空。

He is a pleasant person to work with. 他是一個(gè)快樂(lè)的、能與之共事的對(duì)象。

5. 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果其表示的動(dòng)作為句子的主語(yǔ)發(fā)出的，該動(dòng)詞不定式一般用主動(dòng)式;如果動(dòng)詞不定式表示的動(dòng)作不是句子的主語(yǔ)發(fā)出的，該動(dòng)詞不定式應(yīng)用被動(dòng)式。如：

I am going to the shop because I have something to buy. 我將要去商店，因?yàn)槲矣幸恍〇|西要買。（“buy”這個(gè)動(dòng)作是句子的主語(yǔ)“I”發(fā)出的，故用主動(dòng)式to buy）

I am going to the shop. Do you have anything to be bought？ 我將要去商店。你有什么東西要購(gòu)買的嗎？（“buy”這個(gè)動(dòng)作不是句子的主語(yǔ)“you”發(fā)出的，故用被動(dòng)式to be bought）

I cant go out with you because I have homework to do. 我不能和你出去，因?yàn)槲矣凶鳂I(yè)要做。

6. 當(dāng)名詞前有only， last， next，序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，名詞后常用不定式作定語(yǔ)。如：

He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave.他總是第一個(gè)來(lái)最后一個(gè)離開(kāi)。

I suppose this is the easiest method to grasp. 我斷定這是最容易掌握的方法了。

Su Bingtian was the first athlete to get to the finishing line in the group. 蘇丙添是這個(gè)小組第一個(gè)到達(dá)終點(diǎn)的選手。

二、不定式作狀語(yǔ)

動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)，可表示目的、結(jié)果、原因、條件及意愿等情況。

1. 動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)。

To make himself heard， he raised his voice. 為了被聽(tīng)清楚，他提高了嗓門。（作目的狀語(yǔ)）

He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。（作目的狀語(yǔ)）

【注意】 為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，我們可以在不定式前加上in order或so as。如：

She had no option but to quit her job in order to take care of her child. 為了照顧孩子，她別無(wú)選擇，只好辭職。

In order to catch the train， she hurried through her work. 為了趕火車，她匆匆做完了她的工作。

She got up earlier the next day so as to catch the first bus. 第二天她起得更早了，為的是趕上第一班車。

Mike is studying hard so as to keep up with others. 為了趕上別人，邁克正在努力學(xué)習(xí)。

2. 動(dòng)詞不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。

（1） 動(dòng)詞不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)的一般用法。如：

He woke to find himself famous. 他一覺(jué)醒來(lái)，發(fā)現(xiàn)自己成了名人。

As we all know， few live to be a hundred. 我們都知道，活到百歲的人不多。

（2） 在不定式前加only，表示一種“意外”的不好的結(jié)果。如：

He searched the room only to find nothing. 他翻遍了整個(gè)房間，沒(méi)發(fā)現(xiàn)什么。

I hurried to the airport only to find the plane I was to take had just taken off. 我急急忙忙趕到機(jī)場(chǎng)，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)我要乘坐的飛機(jī)已經(jīng)起飛了。

（3） 英語(yǔ)中too+adj. / adv. +to do sth.來(lái)表示否定結(jié)果，意思為“太……以至不能……”，這時(shí)too后面的形容詞或副詞往往是表示性質(zhì)或特征的詞。如：

The girl is too young to go abroad， I think. 我認(rèn)為這個(gè)女孩太年輕了，不能出國(guó)。

He is too young to go to school. 他太小了，不能上學(xué)。

【注意】 too+adj.+to do sth. 結(jié)構(gòu)除表示否定意義外，還可以表示結(jié)果有肯定意思。這時(shí)too后面常常跟表示心情、態(tài)度或傾向性方面的形容詞，主要有anxious， eager， easy， glad， happy， pleased， ready， willing等，此時(shí)too的意思是“十分;非常;很”等。如：

They were too anxious to leave. （=very anxious to leave） 他們急于要離開(kāi)。

He is too glad to go there. （=very glad to go there） 他非常高興去那兒。

I am too glad to get such a gift. 我很高興能得到這樣的一個(gè)禮物。

3. 動(dòng)詞不定式作原因狀語(yǔ)。

All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. 看到他的進(jìn)步，我們都很吃驚。

Im glad to see you. 見(jiàn)到你很高興。

4. 動(dòng)詞不定式作條件狀語(yǔ)。

How can you catch the train to start so late？ 要是這么晚動(dòng)身，你怎么能趕得上火車呢？（表示條件）

He must be a fool to say so. 他那么說(shuō)可能是個(gè)傻瓜。

You will do well to speak more carefully. 要是說(shuō)得詳細(xì)的話，你會(huì)做得很好的。

【跟蹤精練】

I. 單句語(yǔ)法填空。

1. The ability ___ （express） an idea is as important as the idea itself.

2. Although the film had been on for ten minutes， I still was not able to find a chair ___ （sit） on.

3. In my opinion， the action ___ （take） is correct.

3. Her daughter will make an even bigger effort ___ （please） her.

4. I am always the first person ___ （get） to the office.

5. Having finished her project， she was invited by the school ___ （speak） to the new students.

6. To make himself ___ （hear）， the English teacher raised his voice.

7. Tom took a taxi to the airport， only ___ （tell） his plane high up in the sky.

8. At the news that he was admitted into the famous university， she was too glad ___ （jump）.

9. Armstrong was the first man ___ （set） foot on the moon， in July 1969.

10. As we all know， Antarctica was the last continent ___ （discover）.

II. 單句改錯(cuò)。

1. There are five pairs to choose， but Im at a loss which to buy.

2. As matter of fact， now here is nothing to be gaining? by pretending.

3. I am going to the shop because I have something to buying.

4. Were having a meeting in half an hour. The decision be made at the meeting will in the future of our company.

5. All these gifts must be mailed immediately so as to be receiving in time for Christmas.

6. We were astonished find the temple still in its original condition.

7. The maths problem is very difficult for me to work out.

8. Allen had to call a taxi because the box was much too heavy not to carry all the way home.

III. 根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)提示完成下列句子。每空詞數(shù)不限。

1. 我正在找一間屋子住。

I am looking for __________________.

2. 我的工作是每天清掃房間。

My work is __________________.

3. 我們本來(lái)希望趕早班車，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)車子已經(jīng)開(kāi)走了。

__________________， but found it had left.

4. 最大的幸福就是為大家的幸福而學(xué)習(xí)和工作。

The greatest happiness is __________________.

5. 我們需要有人來(lái)幫忙干這工作。

We need __________________.

6. 我碰巧知道你那道問(wèn)題的答案。

I happen __________________.

7. 父親喜歡靜靜地聽(tīng)音樂(lè)。

Father likes __________________.

8. 他曾去新西蘭深造過(guò)。

He has been to New Zealand __________________.

9. 看到他這樣的行為，我想他肯定有點(diǎn)不對(duì)勁。

_________， I would think that he must have got something wrong with himself.

10. 發(fā)現(xiàn)屋子里空無(wú)一人，他們很奇怪。

They were surprised __________________.