過(guò)去分詞用法歸納

耿讓

一、基本形式

過(guò)去分詞的基本形式是“動(dòng)詞+ ed”，但也可以有不規(guī)則的形式。不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞沒有統(tǒng)一的構(gòu)成規(guī)則，要逐個(gè)記住。過(guò)去分詞一般只有一種形式，但少數(shù)過(guò)去分詞有兩種不同的形式。如：

born 生， borne負(fù)擔(dān)，生

got 得到，gotten得到的

hung懸掛，hanged絞死

lit燃著，lighted燃著的

rotted被腐爛，rotten腐爛的

struck被打擊，stricken被打擊的

sunk陷下，sunken陷下的

二、語(yǔ)法意義

1. 由及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的過(guò)去分詞通常表示被動(dòng)和完成的意義。如：

the injured worker = the worker who had been injured

2. 少數(shù)具有持續(xù)意義的動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞只有被動(dòng)意義，無(wú)完成意義。這類動(dòng)詞一般做定語(yǔ)用。如：

Both spoken English and written English are very important.

3. 由不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的過(guò)去分詞不含被動(dòng)的意義，只含主動(dòng)的完成意義。

the risen sun = the sun that has risen

4. 過(guò)去分詞的否定式通常是由 not加過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成的。

三、句法功能

過(guò)去分詞在句中可以做表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。

做表語(yǔ)

過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ)時(shí)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)。如：

The boy became very interested in science. 這孩子對(duì)科學(xué)很感興趣。

The door remained locked. 門仍然鎖著。

注意：

1. 過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于形容詞，常見的有：delighted， disappointed， discouraged， drunk， puzzled， married， satisfied， surprised， interested， worried， tired， crowded 等。

2. 有些過(guò)去分詞用做表語(yǔ)時(shí)，構(gòu)成的謂語(yǔ)很接近被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示動(dòng)作，句子的主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)作的對(duì)象;系表結(jié)構(gòu)則說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)，其中的過(guò)去分詞已形容詞化。因此被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)可以有各種時(shí)態(tài)，而系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的be只有一般和完成時(shí)態(tài)。如：

The children were dressed and taken out for a walk.? （被動(dòng)）

The children were well dressed. （系表）

I tapped the window and the door was opened. （被動(dòng)）

When I came， the door was opened. （系表）

做定語(yǔ)

做定語(yǔ)用的過(guò)去分詞如果是單詞，一般放在被修飾詞的前面（前置定語(yǔ)）;過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)，則放在被修飾詞的后面（后置定語(yǔ)）。如：

This is a broken car. 這是一輛破車。

This is a book written by a worker. 這是一本工人寫的書。

做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)，與賓語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。如：

They prefer the books mailed to them. 他們希望把書郵寄給他們。

I often hear the song sung in English. 我常聽人用英語(yǔ)唱這首歌。

做狀語(yǔ)

過(guò)去分詞或過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)做狀語(yǔ)，修飾謂語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或情況，表示原因、時(shí)間、條件和方式等。

1. 表示原因。如：

Built of steel， this machine has a greater strength. 由于這臺(tái)機(jī)器是用鋼造的，它具有更大的強(qiáng)度。

2. 表示時(shí)間。如：

Seen from the hill， the park looks very beautiful.? 從山上看這個(gè)公園非常漂亮。

3. 表示條件。如：

Given more time， we could do it much better. 多給點(diǎn)時(shí)間，我們會(huì)做得更好些。

4. 表示方式。如：

The children headed toward school， followed by their dogs. 孩子們朝學(xué)校走去，后面跟著他們的狗。

注意：

⑴ 名詞化的過(guò)去分詞

某些過(guò)去分詞前可帶定冠詞做名詞用，表示具有這種動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的人或物。這種結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)際上可以看作是過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)時(shí)省略了名詞的結(jié)果。如 the wounded （soldiers）， the exploited （people） 等。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中可以做主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。如：

The nurses are taking care of the wounded. 護(hù)士們正在護(hù)理傷員。

The handicapped need our help. 殘疾人需要我們的幫助。

⑵ 過(guò)去分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)

過(guò)去分詞與其主語(yǔ)可構(gòu)成一種獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。過(guò)去分詞的獨(dú)立主語(yǔ)常由名詞或代詞主格擔(dān)任，一般置于過(guò)去分詞之前。過(guò)去分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)常用作狀語(yǔ)。如：

She lay on her back， her hands crossed under her head. 她臉朝上，頭枕著手躺著。

過(guò)去分詞是一種非限定性動(dòng)詞，其兼有動(dòng)詞、副詞和形容詞的特征，可以帶賓語(yǔ)或受狀語(yǔ)修飾。過(guò)去分詞和賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)。

I. 單項(xiàng)填空：

1. The bridge? ? ? ? ? ?， the people? ? ? ? ? ?both sides of the river were wild with joy.

A. having completed; living

B. completed; living

C. completed; lived

D. had completed; living

2. A metal? ? ? ? ? ?uranium gives off a kind of radiation.

A. calling? ? ? B. called

C. is called? ? ? D. which is calling

3. “Things? ? ? ? ? ?never come back again！” I couldn't help saying to myself.

A. losing? ? ? B. to lose

C. have lost? ? ? D. lost

4. Excuse me， but it's time to have your tem- perature? ? ? ? ? ?.

A. taken? ? ? B. taking

C. to be taken? ? D. take

5.? ? ? ? ? ?of plastics， the machines are light in weight.

A. To make? ? B. Having made

C. Made? ? ? ? D. Being made

6. The boy lay on his back， with his hand? ? ? ? ? ?on his breast.

A. clench? ? ? B. clenched

C. to clench? ? ? D. clenching

7. The book? ? ? ? ? ?on this subject was written by a young writer.

A. referring? ? B. referred

C. referring to? ? D. referred to

8. Mary had her brother Tom? ? ? ? ? ?the cups， but he had them? ? ? ? ? ?.

A. wash; washed B. washing; washed

C. to wash; wash D. washed; washed

9. The man? ? ? ? ? ?in a shop was sent to the police station.

A. who caught stealing

B. to be caught stealing

C. caught to steal

D. caught stealing

10. In spite of his broken English， he can make himself? ? ? ? ? ?.

A. understood? ? B. understanding

C. understand? D. to understand

11. The speech was very? ? ? ? ? ?， and we were? ? ? ? ? ?to tears.

A. moved; moved B. moving; moving

C. moving; moved D. moved; moving

12. The poor man，? ? ? ? ? ?， ran out of the dark cave.

A. trembled and frightened

B. trembling and frightened

C. trembling and frightening

D. trembled and frightening

13. Mr. Green sat at the door of the room with his legs? ? ? ? ? ?.

A. cross? ? ? ? B. across

C. crossed? ? ? D. crossing

14. Unless? ? ? ? ? ?to speak， you should remain silent at the conference.

A. to invite? ? ? B. invited

C. being invited? D. inviting

15.? ? ? ? ? ?in thought， he almost ran into the car in front of him.

A. Losing? ? ? B. Having lost

C. Lost? ? ? D. To lose

II. 改錯(cuò)：

1. Entering the meeting room， he found all the parents already seat there.

2. We were told to have our reading room cleaning after school.

3. The disc， digitally having recorded in the studio， sounded fantastic at the party that night.

4. It shamed to me to say it， but I told a lie when questioning at the meeting by my boss.

5. The murder was brought in， with his hands being tied behind his back.

6. Leaving playing football on the playground， the boys felt very happy.

III. 完成句子。（根據(jù)括號(hào)中的漢語(yǔ)意思）

1. The teacher came in，? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?（后面跟著一群孩子們）.

2.? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?（生長(zhǎng)在鄉(xiāng)下），? he was not familiar with the life of the city.

3. The boy rushed into the classroom，? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?（滿臉是汗）.

4.? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?（如果時(shí)間多些）， he could do it much better.

5.? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?（在他臉上吃驚的表情） suggested that he hadn't expected it.

6. Most of the friends? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?（被邀請(qǐng)參加生日晚會(huì)的） were his classmates.

7.? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?（從小山坡上看）， our school looks very beautiful.

8. The film，? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?（十年前拍攝的）， is still popular now.

9. This is the novel? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?（由年青的女作家寫的）.

10.? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?（及時(shí)送到了醫(yī)院）， the drown boy was saved at last.