過去分詞用法歸納

耿讓

一、基本形式

過去分詞的基本形式是“動詞+ ed”，但也可以有不規則的形式。不規則動詞的過去分詞沒有統一的構成規則，要逐個記住。過去分詞一般只有一種形式，但少數過去分詞有兩種不同的形式。如：

born 生， borne負擔，生

got 得到，gotten得到的

hung懸掛，hanged絞死

lit燃著，lighted燃著的

rotted被腐爛，rotten腐爛的

struck被打擊，stricken被打擊的

sunk陷下，sunken陷下的

二、語法意義

1. 由及物動詞構成的過去分詞通常表示被動和完成的意義。如：

the injured worker = the worker who had been injured

2. 少數具有持續意義的動詞的過去分詞只有被動意義，無完成意義。這類動詞一般做定語用。如：

Both spoken English and written English are very important.

3. 由不及物動詞構成的過去分詞不含被動的意義，只含主動的完成意義。

the risen sun = the sun that has risen

4. 過去分詞的否定式通常是由 not加過去分詞構成的。

三、句法功能

過去分詞在句中可以做表語、定語、賓語補足語或狀語。

做表語

過去分詞做表語時，說明主語所處的狀態。如：

The boy became very interested in science. 這孩子對科學很感興趣。

The door remained locked. 門仍然鎖著。

注意：

1. 過去分詞做表語，相當于形容詞，常見的有：delighted， disappointed， discouraged， drunk， puzzled， married， satisfied， surprised， interested， worried， tired， crowded 等。

2. 有些過去分詞用做表語時，構成的謂語很接近被動語態。

被動結構表示動作，句子的主語為動作的對象;系表結構則說明主語所處的狀態，其中的過去分詞已形容詞化。因此被動語態可以有各種時態，而系表結構中的be只有一般和完成時態。如：

The children were dressed and taken out for a walk.? （被動）

The children were well dressed. （系表）

I tapped the window and the door was opened. （被動）

When I came， the door was opened. （系表）

做定語

做定語用的過去分詞如果是單詞，一般放在被修飾詞的前面（前置定語）;過去分詞短語做定語，則放在被修飾詞的后面（后置定語）。如：

This is a broken car. 這是一輛破車。

This is a book written by a worker. 這是一本工人寫的書。

做賓語補足語

做賓語補足語的過去分詞說明賓語的狀態，與賓語一起構成復合賓語。如：

They prefer the books mailed to them. 他們希望把書郵寄給他們。

I often hear the song sung in English. 我常聽人用英語唱這首歌。

做狀語

過去分詞或過去分詞短語做狀語，修飾謂語，說明動作發生的背景或情況，表示原因、時間、條件和方式等。

1. 表示原因。如：

Built of steel， this machine has a greater strength. 由于這臺機器是用鋼造的，它具有更大的強度。

2. 表示時間。如：

Seen from the hill， the park looks very beautiful.? 從山上看這個公園非常漂亮。

3. 表示條件。如：

Given more time， we could do it much better. 多給點時間，我們會做得更好些。

4. 表示方式。如：

The children headed toward school， followed by their dogs. 孩子們朝學校走去，后面跟著他們的狗。

注意：

⑴ 名詞化的過去分詞

某些過去分詞前可帶定冠詞做名詞用，表示具有這種動作或狀態的人或物。這種結構實際上可以看作是過去分詞做定語時省略了名詞的結果。如 the wounded （soldiers）， the exploited （people） 等。這種結構在句子中可以做主語和賓語。如：

The nurses are taking care of the wounded. 護士們正在護理傷員。

The handicapped need our help. 殘疾人需要我們的幫助。

⑵ 過去分詞的獨立結構

過去分詞與其主語可構成一種獨立結構。過去分詞的獨立主語常由名詞或代詞主格擔任，一般置于過去分詞之前。過去分詞的獨立結構常用作狀語。如：

She lay on her back， her hands crossed under her head. 她臉朝上，頭枕著手躺著。

過去分詞是一種非限定性動詞，其兼有動詞、副詞和形容詞的特征，可以帶賓語或受狀語修飾。過去分詞和賓語或狀語一起構成過去分詞短語。

I. 單項填空：

1. The bridge? ? ? ? ? ?， the people? ? ? ? ? ?both sides of the river were wild with joy.

A. having completed; living

B. completed; living

C. completed; lived

D. had completed; living

2. A metal? ? ? ? ? ?uranium gives off a kind of radiation.

A. calling? ? ? B. called

C. is called? ? ? D. which is calling

3. “Things? ? ? ? ? ?never come back again！” I couldn't help saying to myself.

A. losing? ? ? B. to lose

C. have lost? ? ? D. lost

4. Excuse me， but it's time to have your tem- perature? ? ? ? ? ?.

A. taken? ? ? B. taking

C. to be taken? ? D. take

5.? ? ? ? ? ?of plastics， the machines are light in weight.

A. To make? ? B. Having made

C. Made? ? ? ? D. Being made

6. The boy lay on his back， with his hand? ? ? ? ? ?on his breast.

A. clench? ? ? B. clenched

C. to clench? ? ? D. clenching

7. The book? ? ? ? ? ?on this subject was written by a young writer.

A. referring? ? B. referred

C. referring to? ? D. referred to

8. Mary had her brother Tom? ? ? ? ? ?the cups， but he had them? ? ? ? ? ?.

A. wash; washed B. washing; washed

C. to wash; wash D. washed; washed

9. The man? ? ? ? ? ?in a shop was sent to the police station.

A. who caught stealing

B. to be caught stealing

C. caught to steal

D. caught stealing

10. In spite of his broken English， he can make himself? ? ? ? ? ?.

A. understood? ? B. understanding

C. understand? D. to understand

11. The speech was very? ? ? ? ? ?， and we were? ? ? ? ? ?to tears.

A. moved; moved B. moving; moving

C. moving; moved D. moved; moving

12. The poor man，? ? ? ? ? ?， ran out of the dark cave.

A. trembled and frightened

B. trembling and frightened

C. trembling and frightening

D. trembled and frightening

13. Mr. Green sat at the door of the room with his legs? ? ? ? ? ?.

A. cross? ? ? ? B. across

C. crossed? ? ? D. crossing

14. Unless? ? ? ? ? ?to speak， you should remain silent at the conference.

A. to invite? ? ? B. invited

C. being invited? D. inviting

15.? ? ? ? ? ?in thought， he almost ran into the car in front of him.

A. Losing? ? ? B. Having lost

C. Lost? ? ? D. To lose

II. 改錯：

1. Entering the meeting room， he found all the parents already seat there.

2. We were told to have our reading room cleaning after school.

3. The disc， digitally having recorded in the studio， sounded fantastic at the party that night.

4. It shamed to me to say it， but I told a lie when questioning at the meeting by my boss.

5. The murder was brought in， with his hands being tied behind his back.

6. Leaving playing football on the playground， the boys felt very happy.

III. 完成句子。（根據括號中的漢語意思）

1. The teacher came in，? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?（后面跟著一群孩子們）.

2.? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?（生長在鄉下），? he was not familiar with the life of the city.

3. The boy rushed into the classroom，? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?（滿臉是汗）.

4.? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?（如果時間多些）， he could do it much better.

5.? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?（在他臉上吃驚的表情） suggested that he hadn't expected it.

6. Most of the friends? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?（被邀請參加生日晚會的） were his classmates.

7.? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?（從小山坡上看）， our school looks very beautiful.

8. The film，? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?（十年前拍攝的）， is still popular now.

9. This is the novel? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?（由年青的女作家寫的）.

10.? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?（及時送到了醫院）， the drown boy was saved at last.