關系代詞引導的定語從句全接觸

吳安運

定語從句是在復合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句，通常緊跟在被修飾的名詞或代詞之后。定語從句在句中起限制的作用，被定語從句所修飾的詞稱為先行詞。引導定語從句的有關系代詞that， which， who， whom， whose和關系副詞when， where， why。

一、 定語從句的構成

定語從句由一個主句和一個從句構成。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞，引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞，關系詞一般緊跟在先行詞之后。

Zhang Yixing is a pop star.? + Jay Chou is from China.

Zhang Yixing is a pop star who is from

先行詞? 關系代詞

China. 張藝興是中國的一位流行歌手。

Yao Ming is a basketball player. + Yao Ming’s parents are also basketball players.

Yao Ming is a basketball player whose

先行詞???? 關系代詞

parents are also basketball players. 姚明是個籃球運動員， 他的父母也都是籃球運動員。

The book is very useful. + My father gave me a book.

The book which my father gave me is very ? ??先行詞? 關系代詞

useful. 我父親給我的那本書很有用。

【提醒注意】

定語從句都在它所修飾的先行詞的后面，這一點和漢語不同，要特別注意。

二、 關系代詞的基本用法

1. that引導的定語從句

that引導定語從句時，可以指人，代替who 或whom;也可以指物，代替which。可在從句中做主語或做從句謂語動詞的賓語。

The man that （who） wrote the book is an English professor. 寫這本書的人是一位英語教授。（that做主語）

Film companies often make follow-ups to films that have been very successful， such as Harry Porter. 電影公司常常為已大獲成功的電影拍續集，例如《哈利·波特》。（that做主語）

She is the singer that （whom） I met last week.? 她就是我上周遇見的那位歌星。（that做賓語）

Is this the picture that （which） you talked about yesterday？ 這就是你們昨天談論的那幅畫嗎？（that做賓語）

【提醒注意】

在下面三種場合中，要用that 引導定語從句，不用which 或who。

This is the first English grammar book that she has read. 這是她讀過的第一本英語語法書。

I’d like to read the very book that you read last week. 我想讀你上周讀過的那本書。

She was the only person that saw the accident. 她是唯一親眼目睹那場事故的人。

This is the best film that I have ever seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。

Sally is the most hard-working student that I have ever known. 莎麗是我所認識的最勤奮的學生。

②先行詞為nothing， all， little， much，something， everything 和anything等不定代詞，或先行詞被all， every， few， any， no， some， little 等修飾時，其后的定語從句要用that引導，不用which。

He has got all that he needs. 他得到了所需要的一切。

You can borrow any book that you want to read. 你可以借任何一本你想看的書。

Everything that can be done has been done. 一切能做的都做了。

The writer has said something that we should remember forever. 那位作家說了一些我們應該永遠記住的話。

③ 主句以who 或which 開頭時，定語從句用that，不用who， whom 或which。

Who is the boy that just spoke to you？ 剛才同你講話的那個男孩是誰？

Which of you that has attended the meeting can tell us something about it？ 你們中間哪位參加過會議的能給我們講些有關情況？

【典型例題】

That’s the only thing ___ can’t be forgotten in my life.

A. that B. which????? ?? C. who???????? D. /

【考點解密】

先行詞thing （事情） 指“事物”， who是指“人”的，要首先被排除;從句本身缺少主語，關系代詞不可省略，故排除D項。that 和which 都可用來指“事物”。當先行詞被the very， the only， the same， all， no， any， every， little， much或形容詞最高級、序數詞等修飾時，關系代詞只用that而不能用which。本題答案為A。

2. who， whom 和whose引導的定語從句

who， whom 和whose引導定語從句時用于指人。who在從句中做主語，whom做謂語動詞或介詞的賓語，whose做定語。

He is the student who knows the answer to the question. 他就是知道那個問題答案的學生。（做主語）

Here comes the girl whom you want to see. 你想見的那個女孩來了。（做賓語）

That’s the man whose house was burnt down.? 那就是房子被燒毀的人。（做定語）

【提醒注意】

① 在口語中who也可做賓語。

②whom做介詞的賓語時，介詞可以放在whom的前面，也可以放在有關動詞的后面; whom做動詞賓語時，通常可省略。

The lady to whom he sent a letter was a musician. （= The lady （whom） he sent a letter to was a musician.）? 他寫過信去的那位女士是一位音樂家。

③ whose既可指人，也可指物，用作定語。

He lived in a room whose window looked out over the sea. 他住在一間窗戶朝向大海的房間里。

【典型例題】

George Mallory was an English school teacher ___ loved climbing.

A. who? B. whom???? ?? C. he????? D. which

【考點解密】

考查關系代詞的用法。定語從句要由關系代詞引導，首先排除C項;先行詞teacher是指“人”的名詞，which用來指“物”，故D項也要被排除;根據定語從句 loved climbing可知，關系代詞在從句中做主語，whom是做賓語的，故排除。本題答案為A。

3. which引導的定語從句

which 引導的定語從句修飾表示“物”的名詞。which在定語從句中可以做主語或賓語。which做賓語時可以省略。

Is she on the plane which took off half an hour ago？ 她在半小時前起飛的那架飛機上嗎？

The story （which） we heard yesterday is very moving. 我們昨天聽到的那個故事非常感人。

【典型例題】

I have that ___ he has given me.

A. that? B. which????? C. who D. whose

【考點解密】

當先行詞為that時，我們多使用關系代詞which， 而不使用that。所以本題答案為B。

【提醒注意】

關系代詞which， that， who在從句中做主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數應同先行詞保持一致。

The pen which was lost has been found. 丟失的那支鋼筆找到了。

The pens which were lost have been found.? 丟失的那些鋼筆都找到了。

The girl who is singing is from America. 正在唱歌的那個女孩來自美國。

The girls who are singing are from America. 正在唱歌的那些女孩來自美國。

三、 關系代詞的位置和省略

1. 關系代詞的位置

定語從句一般要緊跟在先行詞后，但有時為了保持句子的平衡，定語從句可以和先行詞分離。

I brought some books here that may help you. 我帶來一些可能對你有幫助的書。（定語從句與先行詞被here隔開）

This is the third time in my life that I have wept. 這是我一生中第三次哭了。（定語從句與先行詞被in my life隔開）

2. 關系代詞的省略

在限制性定語從句中，關系代詞在兩種情況下可以省略。

① 在口語中，關系代詞做賓語時可以省略。

The book （that / which） I borrowed from the library is very interesting. 我從圖書館借來的書很有趣。

The man （that / whom） you met in the supermarket is Tom’s father. 你在超市遇見的那個人是湯姆的父親。

【典型例題】

The man ___ you saw yesterday was the president of our college.

A. who? B. which????? ?? C. whose????? D. /

【考點解密】

關系代詞在定語從句中做主語時一般不可以省略，但做賓語時可以省略。本題省略了關系代詞whom / that，故答案為D。

【提醒注意】

當介詞位于關系代詞之前時，做介詞賓語的關系代詞不可以省略。

Do you know the man （whom） they are talking to？ 你認識那個在和他們談話的人嗎？（whom可以省略）

Do you know the man to whom they are talking？ 你認識那個在和他們談話的人嗎？（whom在介詞后，不可省略）

② 做表語的關系代詞有時可以省略。

He is not the honest boy （that） he used to be. 他再也不是以前的那個誠實的少年了。

【跟蹤訓練】

I. 用適當的關系代詞填空。

1. Will those ___ teach the children from

abroad come to the headmaster’s office？

2. The monument was the first place ___

they went to visit while they were in China. 3. All ___ glitters is not gold.

4. You can take any seat ___ is free.

5. The children upstairs always make noise

___ drives me mad.

6. The thief ___ had robbed the man was

caught by the policeman.

7. I saw some trees ___ leaves were black

with disease.

8. This was the best model of a radio set ___

the factory produced in 1979.

9. This is the cadre ___ son died in the War

of Resistance Against Japan.

10. He told me everything ___ he had seen

in the traffic accident.

11. Yesterday I met Dr. Li ___ told me the

good news of Wang’s recovery.

12. The two pupils ___ you taught three

years ago have become tractor drivers.

13. The first thing ___ my sister is going to do this evening is to write a report about scientific experiment.

14. The child ___ parents died in the air

crash is now living with his aunt.

15. You can telephone the people ___ you

want to invite to dinner.

II. 從A、B、C、D中選出一個最佳選項填空。

1. All ___ is useful to us is good.

A. which????? B. what C. that? D. whether

2. Is this factory ___ the foreign visitors

visited last week？

A. where???? B. that? C. which????? D. the one

3. She will never forget the days ___ she

spent in Beijing.

A. when B. what C. which????? D. why

4. The text is one of the most interesting stories

___ written in the past three years.

A. that have??? B. that have been

C. which has?????? D. which has been

5. The college won’t take on anyone ___

eyesight is weak.

A. who? B. whose??? C. of whom D. which

6. Here is the bicycle ___ in the shop.

A. that you saw it??? B. that saw it

C. you saw???? ?? ? D. you saw it

7. Those ___ to take part in the game write

down your names， please.

A. who???????????? B. who want

C. that wants? ?????? D. want

8. This is the only thing ___ I can do now.

A. what??????????? B. which

C. that ??????????? D. all

9. Have you seen the film “Titanic” ___

leading actors are famours？

A. its??? B. it’s??? C. which????? D. whose

10. The family ___ I stayed with in New

York are coming to Beijing.

A. which????? B. whom???? C. what D. whose

III. 用定語從句翻譯下列句子。

1. 這就是我昨天買的那本字典。

__________________

2. 我已把從閱覽室借的那本雜志還回去了。

__________________

3. 你認識那位昨天在會上發言的學生嗎？

_________________