文獻叢書的“嘉興樣本”

陳蘇 周偉達 劉博見

中國現存最早的鄉鎮志《澉水志》是何人所編？現存最早的嘉興府志《至元嘉禾志》記錄著怎樣的歷史往事？

1月16日上午，《嘉興文獻叢書》“史部 · 方志”首發。

“史部 · 方志”共百冊，基本囊括嘉興現行行政區域內的所有地方志，共114種，是嘉興有史以來第一次全面系統的對嘉興地方志文獻的搜集與總匯。

《嘉興文獻叢書》是嘉興迄今規模最大、學術體系最完備、文化元素最齊全的大型地方文獻總集，“史部 · 方志”是其重大階段性成果。

客觀展現嘉興歷史文獻原貌

嘉興有7000年人類文明史、2500年文字記載史和近1800年建城史，悠久的歷史孕育出燦若星河、風華絕代的名家大師，也沉淀下浩如煙海、珍貴無比的歷史文獻典籍。

嘉興歷史上的各類典籍大多保存完好，卻分散收藏于各地，有的已成孤本，有的至今未曾刊印，僅有稿本、抄本傳世，查閱不便。《嘉興文獻叢書》主編、復旦大學教授葛劍雄在《嘉興文獻叢書》序文中說 ：“《嘉興文獻叢書》的匯編出版，不僅能使這些文獻典籍得到延續，而且為嘉興的文化建設、學術傳承、社會發展提供完整的歷史數據和豐富的精神源泉，洵為盛世中的盛事。”

2019年，嘉興學院聯合嘉興市圖書館、嘉興市社科院文化研究所、浙江大學古籍研究所、南京大學人文學院和國家圖書館出版社等單位，啟動嘉興文脈整理研究工程，計劃用5年左右時間，編纂出版《嘉興文獻總目》3卷和《嘉興文獻叢書》300冊、《嘉興文獻叢書 · 提要》3冊。《嘉興文獻叢書》主編盧新波希望借此梳理嘉興歷史文脈、保存嘉興集體記憶、梳理嘉興地方歷史、建設嘉興文化高地。

“史部 · 方志”是《嘉興文獻叢書》的階段性重要成果。據即將出版的《嘉興文獻總目》統計，僅史部，歷代嘉興人著述2600余種，此次叢書選入359種，其中嘉興歷代方志占比近三分之一，因數量龐大，所以單列“史部 · 方志”。

中國傳統方志修纂始于宋，基于明，盛于清，延于民國。就全國目前8000余部的存量方志看，江浙地區最多，嘉興方志無論在數量還是質量上都可圈可點。《嘉興文獻叢書》“史部 · 方志”百冊，本著“應收盡收”的原則，不僅對民國以前嘉興各種地方志，基本做到資料翔實、搜羅無遺，在范圍上覆蓋府、縣、鎮三級行政區劃（共有114種，數量可觀），而且全書以影印刊行，再現歷史文獻原貌，完整保存文獻價值與版本價值，客觀呈現其歷史文獻的真實性與原始性。

基本摸清嘉興文獻家底

不少方志在傳抄、遞修過程中，出現多個版本，叢書編纂團隊對此作了反復甄別、比較，挑選出價值最高的版本。如《嘉靖海寧縣志九卷》，在《中國古籍善本書目》著錄的是清抄本，而此次采用的是明嘉靖三十六年（1557）的初刻本。

尤其值得一提的是，現存嘉興最早的府志《至元嘉禾志》，編纂團隊發現了12個版本，此次選用的是倪禹功精抄本。

這不僅著眼的是其文獻價值，更是彰顯嘉興先賢保存文獻之功。

20世紀50年代初，嘉興圖書館時任館長汪大鐵有心收齊現存嘉興地區的所有志書。受其委托，嘉興鄉賢倪禹功在上海代為走訪。《至元嘉禾志》存世多為抄本，汪大鐵打聽到旅居上海的嘉興人金篯孫曾藏有該志抄本，倪禹功在30年代與其多有來往。彼時，金篯孫已過世，倪禹功找到其子金問源，主動承擔為嘉興無償抄錄《至元嘉禾志》的任務。倪禹功整整花了五個月才抄完此書。

《至元嘉禾志》倪禹功抄本的這段往事，正是嘉興先賢保護鄉邦文獻的一則美談。

而今，《嘉興文獻叢書》匯聚嘉興及國內學術界、文化界眾多知名專家學者，形成由學養深厚的文史專家主持、全國多所高校專家學者參與、地方文化專家和出版社研究人員協同的編纂委員會，對嘉興地方文獻進行分類、梳理、校勘。

編纂委員會用近兩年的時間基本完成了嘉興古籍的全面普查登記，其中，嘉興市圖書館普查古籍8392部，五縣（市）圖書館近萬部;同時，委托浙江大學古籍研究所方建新教授團隊完成《嘉興古代著述目錄》研究項目，同步編纂《嘉興文獻總目》，統計近萬種文獻，基本摸清嘉興文獻家底。

匯成嘉興地方志“族群”

嘉興存世最早的府志是元至元二十五年（1288）刊行的《嘉禾志》，這便是后世所稱《至元嘉禾志》，錢大昕、黃丕烈等人都曾批校此書。葛劍雄在序文中專門提到此書，“國內外現存宋元方志不足百種，其中便有《至元嘉禾志》三十二卷。”

嘉興府志，創于宋，成于元。據《四庫全書總目提要》所載，早在南宋淳熙年間，知州張元成請聞人伯紀修府志，后來岳珂擔任嘉興知府時，請關栻續修，岳珂改調，中輟，僅存五卷。直到元至元年間，單慶修，徐碩纂輯，才完成此書，“敘次甚詳，每條下間系以考證，尤為典核”。

此書三十二卷，分四十三門，篇目既設“城社”，又立“坊巷”，既設“鄉里”，又設“鎮市”。又因嘉興水網密布，詳細搜羅嘉興水網源流，闡明嘉興自然地理、水文狀況及其與農業、交通運輸的關系，使得后世很容易“借志以考地理”。尤其是“碑碣”部分，保存了大量南宋以前的石刻文，這對了解南宋以前的嘉興歷史有著重要意義。

《至元嘉禾志》為嘉興歷代修志奠定了以文獻為根基、文化為底色的基本特點。此后，明弘治、正德、嘉靖、萬歷，清康熙、嘉慶、道光、光緒等朝纂修嘉興府志，遞相沿革，代代接力，最終形成蔚為大觀的嘉興地方志“族群”。

“嘉興樣本”成地方志寶庫

嘉興地方志有其鮮明的“地方性”。從時間維度而言，宋元以來，代有志書修纂，從空間維度而言，府有府志，縣有縣志，甚至村鎮皆有志。在歷史的時空里，嘉興方志構建出一個立體網狀結構，共同搭建起一個既可宏觀看待江南地區，又能微觀梳理江南社會肌理的地方文獻系統。嘉興的地方志系統，堪稱中國地方志寶庫的“嘉興樣本”。

《澉水志》是其中具有里程碑意義的志書，是我國歷史上現存最早的鎮志。宋紹定三年（1230），羅叔韶任海鹽縣澉浦鎮監，在他的支持下，常棠開始編纂《澉水志》，耗時二十余年，直到寶祐四年（1256）才刊印成書。全書共8卷，分地理、山、水、廨舍、坊巷、坊場、軍寨、亭堂、橋梁、學校、寺廟、古跡、物產、碑記、詩詠15門，并附地圖以及羅叔韶與常棠二人序言。《四庫全書總目提要》稱其“體例精嚴、藻不妄抒”。

“一個地方的學術文化成果能否最大程度地保存至今，還有賴于前人的收羅匯集、出版傳播，尤其是本地先賢持續不懈的努力。所幸嘉興代有賢人，傳統不絕。”中國留下來的8000多部方志中，葛劍雄認為嘉興擁有的地方志無論數量還是質量都是首屈一指的。在嘉興，不僅僅縣一級的地方志保存相當完整，還流傳下來很多當地先輩自發組織修纂的鄉（鎮）、村一級地方志，這些資料充分體現了嘉興在歷史上的重要地位，證明嘉興的先人在各方面為中華文明作出的杰出貢獻。首發式上，葛劍雄為嘉興人點贊，“嘉興擁有豐富的資源，又能夠在今天進行全面的調查、整理、修纂、出版，證明了今天的嘉興將繼續在繼承和弘揚中國優秀傳統文化中作出重要貢獻。”

不少專家和學者認為，《嘉興文獻叢書》的出版對發掘和梳理嘉興歷史文脈意義重大，不僅填補了嘉興古籍文獻集成出版的空白，彰顯嘉興對中華文化發展的歷史貢獻，而且為打造新時代文化高地的典范城市存儲了人文資源，更為推動嘉興經濟發展、社會進步提供了強大的精神動力和文化支撐。

A Prime Example of Chorographies in China

By Chen Su ?Zhou Weida ?Liu Bojian

Who compiled The Chorography of Ganshui （Ganpu township in Jiaxing， Zhejiang province）， and what events and stories were recorded in The Chorography of Jiahe during the Reign of Zhiyuan （1264-1294） （hereinafter The Chorography of Jiahe）， the earliest existing chorographies of towns and the prefecture-level cities respectively？ On January 16， 2022， The Series of Jiaxing’s Historical Documents： Annals and Chorographies （hereinafter Annals and Chorographies） made its debut.

Consisting of 100 titles in 114 volumes， the Annals and Chorographies covers the chorographies of almost all the places currently within the administrative area of Jiaxing. It is the first time that chorographies have been ever collected and compiled in the history of the city.

With a history of 7，000 years of human civilization， 2，500 years of written record and nearly 1，800 years of city construction， Jiaxing has been home to great masters and precious historical literature.

Jiaxing’s ancient books and documents have been mostly well-preserved， but they have been scattered in different places in the area. Some are now the only existing copies， and some have been never printed， with only the original or handwritten copies left， thus inconvenient for people to access. Professor Ge Jianxiong from Fudan University， editor of the Annals and Chorographies， said in its prologue， “The compilation and publication will help the dissemination of these ancient books and classics and serve as the historical evidence and spiritual source for cultural， academic and social development of Jiaxing city.”

In 2019， Jiaxing University launched a project， working with Jiaxing Library， Cultural Institute of Jiaxing Academy of Social Sciences， Institute of Ancient Books of Zhejiang University， School of Liberal Arts of Nanjing University and National Library of China Publishing House， to compile and publish three volumes of The General Catalog of Jiaxing’s Historical Documents， 300 volumes of The Series of Jiaxing’s Historical Documents， and three volumes of Synopsis of the Series of Jiaxing’s Historical Documents. Lu Xinbo， a professor from Jiaxing University and editor-in-chief of The Series， hopes that the efforts will sort out historical progress， preserve collective memory and highlight the local history to make Jiaxing culturally significant.

The publishing of the 100 titles of the Annals and Chorographies is a milestone of The Series. According to the upcoming The General Catalog of Jiaxing’s Historical Documents， there are more than 2，600 kinds of historical records by generations of Jiaxing people， among which 359 kinds are selected in The Series. The local chorographies account for about one third among these， so the Annals and Chorographies has been singled out for publications.

The practice of compiling and revising local chorographies in China started from the Song dynasty （960-1279）， matured in the Ming dynasty （1368-1644）， flourished in the Qing dynasty （1616-1911） and continued to grow in the Republican period. Among the 8，000 local chorographies across China， Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces enjoy the biggest proportion and Jiaxing has a prominent position both in quantity and quality. The 100 titles in 114 volumes have included almost all the local chorographies of Jiaxing before the Republican period， covering such administrative regions as cities， counties and townships. Photocopies of The Series are provided， both retaining its historic and edition values and presenting its authenticity and originality.

Due to the different editions of many chorographies during the process of their copying and revision， the compiling team made efforts to identify and select those with the highest value. For example， the first block-print edition （in the year of 1557） of The Chorography of Haining County During the Reign of Emperor Jiajing （1522-1566） were chosen instead of the transcripts in the Qing dynasty from the Bibliotheca of China’s Ancient Books.

One thing worth mentioning is that altogether 12 editions of The Chorography of Jiahe during the Reign of Zhiyuan （1264-1294）， the earliest extant chorography on Jiaxing， have been discovered， and among them， the meticulous handwriting copy by Ni Yugong （1911-1964）， a scholar in Jiaxing， is selected.

In the early 1950s， Wang Datie， then head of Jiaxing Library， was devoted to collecting existing chorographies of the city and commissioned Ni Yugong to explore Shanghai for such a mission. Most of the existing editions of The Chorography of Jiahe were its copies， one of which was owned by Jin Jiansun from Jiaxing living in Shanghai. Ni tried to get in touch with Jin in the 1930s， but unfortunately the latter had passed away before he reached him. Then he had to turn to Jin Wenyuan， Mr. Jin’s son， and volunteered to copy the book for free， which eventually took him five months to complete.

The story is a vivid example of those scholars and intellectuals in their endeavor to preserve the local chorographies.

The Series was made possible， thanks to the compilation committee of academicians both in Jiaxing and across the country， made up by experts from the intellectual circles and institutions of higher learning， as well as research staff from publishing houses.

It has taken the committee two years to examine the ancient documents and records on Jiaxing and have them registered. Jiaxing Library accessed 8，392 books， and libraries at Jiaxing’s three county-level cities and two counties have checked about 10，000 books. At the same time， the team led by Professor Fang Jianxin from the Institute of Ancient Books of Zhejiang University has been entrusted with the project of The Catalog of Ancient Books of Jiaxing and of compiling The General Catalog of Jiaxing’s Historical Documents. By doing so， a broad picture of ancient records on Jiaxing has taken shape.

The earliest existing chorographies of Jiaxing city are The Chorography of Jiahe （published in the year of 1288 during the Yuan dynasty）， later popularly known as The Chorography of Jiahe during the Reign of Zhiyuan （1264-1294）. According to Ge Jianxiong， of the no more than 100 extant titles of chorographies dated to the Song and Yuan dynasties， The Chorography of Jiahe accounts for 32 volumes.

The compiling of chorographies of Jiaxing as a prefecture-level city started in the Song dynasty and thrived in the Yuan dynasty. According to The Catalog of the Complete Collection of the Four Treasures， during the reign of Chunxi （1174-1189） in the Southern Song dynasty （1127-1279）， a provincial official by the name of Zhang Yuancheng asked Wenren Jixiu to compile The Chorographies of Jiaxing and later Zhang’s successor Yue Ke commissioned Guan Shi to continue the job， but he did not finish， with only five volumes left. It was not until the Zhiyuan period in the Yuan dynasty that the entire project was completed.

Made up of 32 volumes and 43 categories， The Chorography of Jiahe includes such section as “cities”， “streets”， “villages” and “towns”. It shows Jiaxing’s geography， hydrology， and their relationships with agriculture and transportation， so that later generations can have a better understanding of its geographical conditions. The “stone tablet” part preserves a large number of stone inscriptions before the Southern Song dynasty， highly significant for understanding the history of the city.

The Chorography of Jiahe has laid a foundation for successive dynasties to compile and revise chorographies based on previous records. Since then， emperors such as Hongzhi （1470-1505）， Zhengde （1506-1521）， Jiajing （1522-1566）， Wanli （1573-1620） in the Ming dynasty， as well as Kangxi （1654-1722）， Jiaqing （1796-1820）， Daoguang （1821-1850） and Guangxu （1871-1908） in the Qing dynasty were devoted to the endeavor， thus the “clusters of local records” were formed in Jiaxing.

The chorographies of Jiaxing have their local features. Since the Song and Yuan dynasties， the compiling work has continued and there have been chorographies for the prefecture-level and county-level cities as well as for townships and villages. Those chorographies serve as a window to examine the Jiangnan （south of the Yangtze River） area from a broader perspective and to observe the local documents and records system. In this sense， the chorographies of Jiaxing have set a good example for other areas.

The Chorography of Ganshui （Ganshui， also known as Ganpu township in Jiaxing’s Haiyan county） is the earliest extant township chorography in China. In 1230， under the support of the officials of Haiyan， the compilation started and lasted over 20 years till 1256 when it was printed for publication. Eight volumes in total， it was classified into 15 categories， including geography， schools， temples， places of historical interest， among others.

“The preservation of local academic progress cannot do without the collection， compilation and publication of historical records. Fortunately， Jiaxing cultivated scholars and intellectuals to make relentless efforts to do such a job，” said Ge Jianxiong.

In Jiaxing， besides the well-preserved county-level chorographies， there are also town-and-village-level ones that have been voluntarily compiled and passed down from generation to generation. In the area of chorography， Jiaxing undoubtedly holds an important position in history and has made outstanding contributions to the Chinese civilization. On the launch ceremony of The Series， Ge Jianxiong spoke highly of Jiaxing for their dedication to the compilation， revision and publishing of The Series， and for their continued devotion to spreading fine traditional Chinese culture.