讀后續寫的高分四部曲

河南 陳 龍

讀后續寫是新高考英語最引人關注、最令考生感到棘手的新題型，如何有效地解答讀后續寫并獲得高分是大家都在思考和探討的問題。通過四個步驟，我們可以獲得高分讀后續寫的“金鑰匙”。

Step 1 明確敘事要素，分析故事主題

目前，高考中的讀后續寫通常是敘事模式的語篇。完整的敘事模式的語篇通常包括點題、指向、疊合事件、評議、結局、回應等要素。各部分的基本含義如下圖所示：

讀后續寫不是無視原文的獨立創作，而是順著原文作者的思路完成未完成的文本。在續寫之前，首先應認真閱讀原文，理順故事中的when、where、who、what、why 和how 六大要素。故事中的背景信息主要用于介紹故事中的角色和故事發展的環境。故事背景的介紹常涉及人物、時間、地點、活動或環境的描述等。用來介紹背景信息的常常是非敘事句和時間、地點狀語等，它們常常出現在文章的開篇部分。

文章的主題就是文章的中心思想、大意或敘述意圖。文章常聚焦在人與自我、人與社會、人與自然三大主題語境上。

【典例鏈接】（2021·浙江卷）My dad, George, only had an eighth grade education. A quiet man, he didn't understand my world of school activities. From age 14, he worked.And his dad,Albert,took the money my dad earned and used it to pay family expenses.

I didn't really understand his world either: He was a livestock trucker, and I thought that I would surpass（超過）anything he had accomplished by the time I walked across the stage at high school graduation.

【名師導讀】在本段中，背景信息包括了人物，如My dad、祖父Albert 以及隱性的故事敘述者I。在敘述中，文章同樣包括了對My dad 的背景信息介紹，如教育信息——had an eighth grade education；性格特征——A quiet man；生活經歷——“From age 14,he worked.”。通過定位關鍵詞My dad、his dad 和family expenses 可以看出，本篇文章的主題語境應為“個人、家庭”，所反映的主題意義應為family love。

Step 2 抓住兩個關鍵，確定續寫方向

文本大意和敘述意圖是確定續寫方向的兩個關鍵。提煉出文本大意和敘述意圖后，結合所給短文的情境模式，即5W(Who?What?When?Where?Why?)和兩個續寫段首句中與5W 相關的要點，從5W 的角度想象續寫部分的主要內容，預測故事的走向。

1.兩個續寫段落的首句已給出，因此，續寫第一段的續寫方向相對第二段較為明確。第二段的續寫方向較為開放，需結合原文的人物性格特征和故事發展脈絡大膽預測。兩個續寫段落的首句既是提示，也是限制。因此，在預測內容時，須緊跟原文內容，緊密銜接段落首句，這樣才能保證續寫部分與原文情節的契合。

2.續寫方向的預測必須密切結合原文的文本大意、敘述意圖、情境模式以及相關細節，并符合原文所要表達的主題意義。

【典例鏈接】

A MOTHER'S DAY SURPRISE

（2021?新高考Ⅰ卷）The twins were filled with excitement as they thought of the sur?prise they were planning for Mother's Day. How pleased and proud Mother would be when they brought her breakfast in bed. They planned to make French toast and chicken por?ridge.They had watched their mother in the kitchen.There was nothing to it.Jenna and Jeff knew exactly what to do.

The big day came at last. The alarm rang at 6 a.m. The pair went down the stairs qui?etly to the kitchen. They decided to boil the porridge first. They put some rice into a pot of water and left it to boil while they made the French toast. Jeff broke two eggs into a plate and added in some milk. Jenna found the bread and put two slices into the egg mixture.Next,Jeff turned on the second stove burner to heat up the frying pan.Everything was going smoothly until Jeff started frying the bread.The pan was too hot and the bread turned black within seconds. Jenna threw the burnt piece into the sink and put in the other slice of bread.This time,she turned down the fire so it cooked nicely.

Then Jeff noticed steam shooting out of the pot and the lid starting to shake. The next minute, the porridge boiled over and put out the fire. Jenna panicked. Thankfully, Jeff stayed calm and turned off the gas quickly.But the stove was a mess now.Jenna told Jeff to clean it up so they could continue to cook the rest of the porridge. But Jeff's hand touched the hot burner and he gave a cry of pain. Jenna made him put his hand in cold water. Then she caught the smell of burning. Oh dear! The piece of bread in the pan had turned black as well.

【名師導讀】2021 年新高考Ⅰ卷的讀后續寫原文敘述的是，一對雙胞胎在母親節為母親做法式吐司和雞肉粥，在遇到意外后得到父親的幫助，最終完成了在母親節那一天為母親帶來驚喜的心愿的故事。故事的主題為family love。

表1 2021年新高考Ⅰ卷讀后續寫的語篇分析

（續表）

通過對故事主線的分析，我們發現，續寫的原文并未包括對問題的解決，因此，我們需要在續寫部分完善故事的情節。結合續寫部分第一段的段首句“As the twins looked around them in disappointment,their father appeared.”和續寫部分第二段的段首句“The twins carried the breakfast upstairs and woke their mother up.”，我們可以判斷續寫部分的情節應該集中在兩個方面：第一，父親的出現有什么作用？他會做什么呢？第二，看到孩子們做的早餐時，母親會有什么樣的反應呢？

【知識鏈接】故事類的文本通常由兩條線組成。第一條為故事的情節線，反映了故事發展的原因、開始、發展、高潮和結局，這是故事的明線。第二條通常為故事中人物的情感線，反映出當事人的情緒狀態和情感變化的過程，這是故事的暗線。通過對原文故事背景、情節線和情感線的分析提煉，可以推測故事發展的趨勢，得出文章的主題或敘述意圖。敘事類文本的敘述意圖或主題指故事的主要內容傳遞給讀者的信息，可以是情，也可以是理。續寫部分要在敘述意圖或主題上與原文保持一致。

Step 3 注意“兩情相悅”，添加合理細節

一篇好的讀后續寫，其寫作思路應遵循原文發展的情節線和情感線，即續寫部分與原文達到“兩情相悅”時，才能與原文高度融洽。

1.首先，續寫部分在情節的發展上與原文的情節發展應該是連貫且合理的，如2020 年新高考Ⅰ卷中提到Mrs.Meredith 曾去過Bernard 的家，續寫部分可用paid an?other visit to the family 呼應原文中的這個細節。

2.其次，情感線的“相悅”指續寫部分的人物心理情感的變化按照原文的人物心理情感的變化合理變化且與原文的主題一致。如2020 年新高考Ⅰ卷原文的主題是“愛、幫助和善行”，續寫部分應在進行情感描寫時描寫Bernard 受到幫助后的感激之情，同時利用心理描寫點明原文主題，升華全文的情感。

Step 4 沿襲語言風格，使用優美表達

不同的文章有不同的語言特點，有正式與非正式之分，有樸素與華麗之分，有簡潔明快與繁復含蓄之分。但是同一篇文章的語言特點應該是一致的，續寫時應判斷并沿用原文的語言特點，使續寫部分與原文渾然一體。

記敘文的語言風格特點常表現在以下四個方面：

1.句式結構上，包括簡單句、復合句、強調句、倒裝句等特殊句式的使用。如果原文使用的簡單句較多，而復合句等特殊句式較少或幾乎沒有，那么續寫部分就應多使用簡單句進行描寫，而不應過多涉及復合句。

2.語法結構上，包括主被動語態、非謂語動詞、獨立主格結構、with 的復合結構、虛擬語氣等的使用。

3.詞匯選擇上，包括常見的初級詞匯、高級詞匯以及不同詞性的使用。

4.修辭手法上，包括比喻、擬人、夸張等修辭的使用。

沿襲原文的語言風格，應堅持四個原則：

1.續寫時，應盡可能根據原文在句式結構、語法結構、詞匯選擇和修辭手法上的語言特點進行遣詞造句。

2.不能因個人喜好或為追求詞句的高級用法將不符合原文的詞句生搬硬套到續寫部分。

3.記敘文中常出現人物之間的對話。如果用直接引語記錄人物的對話，應特別留意人物的特點和對話的情境。任何人物的語言都應該符合其身份和性格特征。

4.人物的語言也應和說話時的情境吻合，即什么情況下說什么話，如緊急情況下的話語應該是短促的，不適合用復雜的、帶有從句的復合句。

表2 2021年新高考Ⅰ卷讀后續寫的語言分析

（續表）

讀后續寫作為新題型，并非像我們想象得那樣難以應對。只要我們不斷加強對故事類文本的閱讀，堅持按照四個步驟答題，一定會取得理想的答題效果。

【牛刀小試】

閱讀下面材料，根據其內容和所給段落開頭語續寫兩段，使之構成一篇完整的短文。

At first,Michael didn't see the black smoke or flames shooting from the windows of his neighbors' home. He and his wife had just parked around the corner from their own house when they got a call from one of his daughters:“The house next door is on fire!”He went to check.That was when he saw two women and a girl helpless and heartbroken in their doorway.

“The baby's in there!”one of the women cried. Though the fire department had been called, Michael, then 64, immediately ran inside.“The baby”was 8?year?old Tiara, the woman's granddaughter and a playmate of Michael's three youngest kids.

Entering the burning house was like“running into a bucket of black paint”.The thick smoke caused Michael to stumble blindly around, burned his eyes, and made it impossible to breathe.The conditions would have been dangerous for anyone,but for Michael,who has severe lung disease,they were life?threatening.

After a few minutes in the smoke?filled house,he retreated outside to catch his breath.“Where is Tiara?”he asked desperately.

“The second floor,”her aunt shouted back.

Michael knew he couldn't hold his breath for long. However, taking a deep breath, he went in a second time.The darkness was overwhelming.Yet because the house had a simi?lar design to his, he made it to the second floor. He turned to the right and was met by in?tense heat.He was already out of breath.

“Baby girl,where are you?”

His throat and lungs burned as if he'd inhaled fire instead of the smoke in the air.Ev?ery blink stung his eyes.All he could hear was the crackling and popping of burning wood.Then a soft but distinct moan emerged. Still unable to see, Michael fell to his knees on the hot wood floor.He crawled toward the sound,feeling around for any sign of the girl.An un?lucky thought crossed his mind:I'm probably gonna die up here.

注意：

1.所續寫短文的詞數應為150左右；

2.續寫部分分為兩段，每段的開頭已為你寫好。

Paragraph 1:

Finally,Michael touched something.

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Paragraph 2:

Tiara was safe;however,Michael fainted down to the ground,unconscious.

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