混合辦公時(shí)代下的多維度健康設(shè)計(jì)

文/圖：LWK+PARTNERS 董事 張家豪

簡(jiǎn)介

現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的工作模式從未像今天如此多元化。越來(lái)越多跨國(guó)企業(yè)正在日常運(yùn)營(yíng)中采用“混合模式”，而這種模式正逐漸影響企業(yè)對(duì)辦公空間的要求。

正當(dāng)共享空間成功把不同專業(yè)領(lǐng)域、需求和工作習(xí)慣的人凝聚到同一地方，大型企業(yè)的領(lǐng)域也日趨多元化，例如工程公司會(huì)招聘政策專家，學(xué)術(shù)研究可以跨部門進(jìn)行，零售品牌也陸續(xù)擴(kuò)大其產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的種類以提高市場(chǎng)覆蓋。

這意味著一些擁有截然不同背景、知識(shí)技能以及需求的人正在同一個(gè)空間中工作并相互協(xié)作。而隨著人們?cè)絹?lái)越醒覺到日常環(huán)境的條件對(duì)整體長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)健康質(zhì)量的重要性，而雇主亦了解到員工健康與業(yè)務(wù)表現(xiàn)之間的密切關(guān)系，“健康”理念在建筑設(shè)計(jì)就大行其道。對(duì)雇主及建筑運(yùn)營(yíng)方來(lái)說(shuō)，一個(gè)首要的目標(biāo)就是確保工作環(huán)境健康并能激發(fā)思維，讓員工高效工作，同時(shí)為社區(qū)帶來(lái)增值效益。

具靈活性的多功能社區(qū)

人們的健康是全面和多維度的。人們花大約三分之一的時(shí)間在工作場(chǎng)所，日常除了業(yè)務(wù)需求外，還有各種個(gè)人需求。

隨著工作和生活模式的邊界逐漸模糊，未來(lái)的辦公綜合體將演變成高效、流動(dòng)的社區(qū)，使用者可以便捷地享用各種空間功能，包括靈活的工作站、休息空間、展覽場(chǎng)地、藝術(shù)和表演空間、醫(yī)療保健、零售、餐飲、體育設(shè)施及綠化空間等。

這種混合用途的趨勢(shì)除了提高商業(yè)效率外，亦提供一種愉悅的共享文化，同時(shí)鼓勵(lì)各種社交和文化活動(dòng)，營(yíng)造具活力的公共體驗(yàn)。工作空間正蛻變成一種多功能社區(qū)，鼓勵(lì)人們到來(lái)聚會(huì)、逗留、與他人交流協(xié)作或進(jìn)行個(gè)人創(chuàng)作。

然而，單純地“多用途”是不足夠的。2019 冠狀病毒病疫情的經(jīng)驗(yàn)告訴我們，為確保可持續(xù)的業(yè)務(wù)運(yùn)營(yíng)，靈活性絕對(duì)是另一項(xiàng)同樣重要（甚至更加重要）的工作場(chǎng)所特質(zhì)。

彈性的工作模式正成為留住人才的關(guān)鍵要素，尤其是對(duì)新生代來(lái)說(shuō)。“EY 2021 工作重塑雇員調(diào)查”就對(duì)來(lái)自 16 個(gè)國(guó)家、23 個(gè)行業(yè)中超過(guò) 16,000 名員工采集意見。如果在工作地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間上沒有某種形式的靈活性，54% 的員工會(huì)考慮在疫情緩和后離開其工作崗位，而千禧世代辭職的可能性是嬰兒潮那一代人的兩倍（EY 2021）。

類似的現(xiàn)象也反映在全球管理咨詢公司麥肯錫的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查，該調(diào)查訪問(wèn)了約 5,000 名員工，發(fā)現(xiàn)近四分之三的員工表示希望在疫情后仍可以每周在家工作兩天或以上（De Smet et.al 2021）。

建構(gòu)一個(gè)配套完善的多樣化辦公空間有助企業(yè)適應(yīng)后疫情時(shí)代及留住頂尖人才。在混合辦公模式下，任何時(shí)候都可能有部分員工正在遠(yuǎn)端工作，而協(xié)調(diào)員工在辦公室內(nèi)外的合作對(duì)雇主及設(shè)計(jì)師來(lái)說(shuō)都是一項(xiàng)挑戰(zhàn)。空間的設(shè)計(jì)必須迎合不同人的工作節(jié)奏、習(xí)慣和模式 — 包括單獨(dú)工作、面對(duì)面會(huì)議、虛擬會(huì)議、頭腦風(fēng)暴、跨領(lǐng)域合作、知識(shí)共享、論壇討論等。為了提升用家體驗(yàn)，建筑師的任務(wù)就是要妥善串連各種空間元素，并無(wú)縫連接至步行動(dòng)線系統(tǒng)、錯(cuò)落空間、多層綠化和公共區(qū)域。

以 LWK+PARTNERS 項(xiàng)目中國(guó)杭州鎵谷科學(xué)園為例（見圖 1 和圖 2）。項(xiàng)目位于云計(jì)算產(chǎn)業(yè)園，我們團(tuán)隊(duì)采用了園林辦公設(shè)計(jì)，在為未來(lái)的使用者提供源源靈感、互相連接的共享空間和社交機(jī)會(huì)，增進(jìn)溝通與合作的體驗(yàn)。項(xiàng)目將建有實(shí)驗(yàn)室、共享辦公室及會(huì)議室、體育設(shè)施、展覽空間、餐廳和商店，打造多功能的建筑環(huán)境。公共空間滲透多個(gè)樓層，包括位于三層的環(huán)型空中平臺(tái)，連接餐廳、空中花園及其他康樂(lè)設(shè)施（見圖 3）。

較高的建筑在面向中央庭園的部分采用了退臺(tái)設(shè)計(jì)，為電梯大堂、茶水間等公共空間引入自然風(fēng)和陽(yáng)光。項(xiàng)目透過(guò)模糊辦公、健康、生活和庭園等不同功能空間之間的界線，有望成為未來(lái)工作間的主要發(fā)展模式，促進(jìn)高科技企業(yè)對(duì)工作與生活平衡的實(shí)踐。

加倍重視健康質(zhì)量

對(duì)員工健康的重視有利企業(yè)吸引人才，疫情發(fā)生之后該趨勢(shì)也更為明顯，而企業(yè)也更愿意在這方面投資。早在疫情爆發(fā)前，全球咨詢公司 Willis Towers Watson 就指出，全球 66% 企業(yè)和亞太地區(qū) 60% 企業(yè)都把關(guān)懷員工健康視為四大優(yōu)先員工福利之一（Willis Towers Watson 2019）。全球健康研究機(jī)構(gòu) Global Wellness Institute 的最新數(shù)據(jù)也顯示，亞太地區(qū)雇主在工作場(chǎng)所的健康計(jì)劃／服務(wù)支出由 2015 年到 2017 年間，每年增長(zhǎng) 5.1%，達(dá)到 93 億美元（GWI 2018）。

研究顯示，靈活的辦公設(shè)計(jì)能有效減少員工坐著的時(shí)間（Wallmann-Sperlich et al.2019）。一個(gè)步行友善的環(huán)境以及可達(dá)性高、設(shè)于不同樓層的大小綠化及露天空間，都能鼓勵(lì)人們四周走動(dòng)和伸展，越來(lái)越多辦公綜合體提供各種運(yùn)動(dòng)及康樂(lè)設(shè)施，鼓勵(lì)人們將運(yùn)動(dòng)習(xí)慣融入到日常工作之中（見圖 4）。

一個(gè)健康的環(huán)境應(yīng)該令人感到舒適并愿意長(zhǎng)時(shí)間逗留。在辦公環(huán)境中，人們經(jīng)常長(zhǎng)時(shí)間聚精會(huì)神埋頭工作，尤其是在提交日期臨近或工作量增加的時(shí)候。提供舒展身心的空間能刺激大腦活動(dòng)，同時(shí)提高工作效率，更可在工作空間范圍加入樓梯設(shè)計(jì)，促進(jìn)垂直空間流動(dòng)，同時(shí)營(yíng)造視覺焦點(diǎn)；使用可調(diào)節(jié)高度的辦公桌讓人們可以在工作時(shí)站起來(lái)，亦方便進(jìn)行討論。

工作環(huán)境中的燈光亦會(huì)影響職業(yè)健康，但有時(shí)會(huì)被雇主忽視。合適的光線確實(shí)有助提升工作表現(xiàn)（CBRE 2017）。結(jié)合大窗戶、天窗、活動(dòng)窗和被動(dòng)遮陽(yáng)裝置等不同裝置都能增加自然采光，并有效地減少室內(nèi)工作者所受的眩光影響（見圖 5），而最理想就是讓使用者根據(jù)不同的天氣和工作性質(zhì)調(diào)整光線強(qiáng)度。

維持適合的室內(nèi)溫度和良好通風(fēng)對(duì)員工的健康同樣重要，可透過(guò)打通室內(nèi)空間與露天平臺(tái)，或者交錯(cuò)的樓層設(shè)計(jì)，將充足的新鮮空氣引入辦公室，而貫穿室內(nèi)主要辦公空間的大型樓梯則可加強(qiáng)樓層間的空氣流動(dòng)，安裝冷卻天花板系統(tǒng)還可以確保冷氣均勻地分布。

滿足心理、靈性和社交需要

世界衛(wèi)生組織估計(jì)，抑郁和焦慮癥每年為全球經(jīng)濟(jì)造成一萬(wàn)億美元的損失（WHO 2019），亦有其他研究指出，員工滿意度對(duì)工作表現(xiàn)有正面影響（Bellet,De Neve&Ward 2019）。因此，工作場(chǎng)所的設(shè)計(jì)必須兼顧員工的心靈需要，才能讓他們保持頭腦清醒，應(yīng)對(duì)未來(lái)各種工作挑戰(zhàn)。

圖1.中國(guó)杭州鎵谷科學(xué)園設(shè)計(jì)成一個(gè)靈活的工作場(chǎng)所，提供各種共享設(shè)施和多層次的開放空間，營(yíng)造更多社交機(jī)會(huì)。Figure 1.Gallium Valley Science Park in Hangzhou,China is designed as a flexible workplace with a variety of shared amenities,surrounded by a multitude of shared open spaces for greater social opportunities.

圖2.中國(guó)杭州鎵谷科學(xué)園的設(shè)計(jì)以錯(cuò)落空間布局多功能元素，吸引人們使用。Figure 2.The program engages users with multipurpose components designed in interlocking spaces.

圖3.中國(guó)杭州鎵谷科學(xué)園的環(huán)型空中平臺(tái)將辦公空間與餐廳、空中花園及其他康樂(lè)設(shè)施串連起來(lái)。Figure 3.A communal “sky-loop” platform connects office spaces with amenities like eateries,roof gardens,and other recreational facilities.

圖4.中國(guó)鎵谷科學(xué)園的園林辦公設(shè)計(jì)透過(guò)打通不同空間，鼓勵(lì)人們多走動(dòng)。Figure 4.The Gallium Valley Science Park features an office-park environment with interconnected spaces to encour-age people to move around.

圖5.沿建筑立面減去體量有助采光及通風(fēng)。Figure 5.Recesses cut out along building elevations allow sunlight and ventilation to enter the buildings.

圖6.通過(guò)體量切割制造開放及露天空間，創(chuàng)造良好的通風(fēng)條件。Figure 6.Open-air spaces cut into the building elevation allow for a well-ventilated experience.

促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)自由溝通是人事管理的長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)。一項(xiàng)研究顯示，61% 的美國(guó)員工認(rèn)為心理健康會(huì)影響他們的工作效率（Mind Share Partners 2019），但另一項(xiàng)調(diào)查同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，全球只有 30% 的員工愿意與上司談?wù)撍麄兊男睦斫】担⊿egel 2021）。

設(shè)計(jì)不同隱私度的空間可鼓勵(lì)員工參與不同類型的活動(dòng)。雖然開放式布局的確能提供寬敞和高透明度的感覺，但員工亦同時(shí)需要一些較隱密的位置，可以不受干擾地向管理層表達(dá)意見。另外，參與人數(shù)較多的論壇、培訓(xùn)和團(tuán)建活動(dòng)可以利用露天劇場(chǎng)和會(huì)議室（見圖 6）。

體驗(yàn)自然環(huán)境絕對(duì)是培養(yǎng)精神健康的一部分。研究指出，提高人們?cè)诠ぷ鲌?chǎng)所與綠植的物理及視覺接觸，能有助減壓（Toyoda et al 2020）。對(duì)種植和綠化的重視亦因此成為 21 世紀(jì)建筑的主流趨勢(shì)，為使用者提供喘息空間。

圖7.中國(guó)杭州奧體萬(wàn)科中心一改辦公建筑的既有做法，破格以中央庭園取代中心入口位置 。Figure 7.Aoti Vanke Centre in Hangzhou disrupts the established norm in office architecture by featuring a courtyard garden in the central core.

在 LWK+PARTNERS 我們將以上趨勢(shì)進(jìn)一步延伸，并充分體現(xiàn)在中國(guó)杭州奧體萬(wàn)科中心的設(shè)計(jì)中。該創(chuàng)新辦公樞紐項(xiàng)目以園林為主要設(shè)計(jì)概念（見圖 7 和圖 8），我們團(tuán)隊(duì)一改傳統(tǒng)辦公建筑將大堂置于心臟位置的做法，破格以中央庭園取代中心入口位置，大堂向兩邊后退以騰出城市綠化空間。裙樓從地面升高，更對(duì)每層進(jìn)行不同程度的旋轉(zhuǎn)，重新演繹了“裙樓+塔樓”建筑，做出各式各樣的步行空間。

奧體萬(wàn)科中心除了作為辦公及社交樞紐外，也是一座充滿獨(dú)特美感的建筑。當(dāng)人們從庭園抬頭仰望時(shí)，會(huì)看見建筑體量婉轉(zhuǎn)交錯(cuò)，予人一種難忘而充滿跳躍活力的感官?zèng)_擊。項(xiàng)目空間提供翠綠和寧?kù)o的環(huán)境，遠(yuǎn)離喧囂和繁忙的城市，營(yíng)造出冥想的氛圍，令人身心恬靜。

辦公室應(yīng)是個(gè)可以互相交流意見及建立人際網(wǎng)絡(luò)的地方。寬闊的走廊通道、開放式露臺(tái)和寬敞的休息空間都有助促進(jìn)隨意的交流互動(dòng)，而員工之間的支持和人與人之間的接觸可以緩解壓力。疫情期間持續(xù)的社交隔離使心理健康成為大眾焦點(diǎn)，突出我們與其他人互動(dòng)并共享同一空間的需要。

與此同時(shí)，獨(dú)處亦很重要。小休時(shí)段的自我反省或私人專屬時(shí)間可以帶來(lái)啟發(fā)、療愈作用，甚至提升生產(chǎn)力。隨著人們對(duì)自身健康的意識(shí)興起及對(duì)覺知生活的追求大增，未來(lái)的辦公空間應(yīng)提供寧?kù)o的空間，尤其是一些需要員工大量發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力或洞察力的公司。

藝術(shù)促進(jìn)偶然的生活發(fā)現(xiàn)，刺激人們不同的感官，并賦予工作空間獨(dú)特的個(gè)性；它能啟發(fā)更豐富的氛圍、情感及鼓勵(lì)人們?cè)诳臻g走動(dòng)時(shí)展開對(duì)話。這些不一定需要大量藝術(shù)品，而是可以通過(guò)建筑的形態(tài)、深度和色彩創(chuàng)造出節(jié)奏和動(dòng)感。

生態(tài)友善設(shè)計(jì)與社區(qū)健康

辦公大樓曾經(jīng)只被視為都市繁榮發(fā)達(dá)的物理象征，但現(xiàn)代辦公大樓在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)更著重功能和美學(xué)上與周圍環(huán)境相協(xié)調(diào)，將健康的考慮擴(kuò)展到建筑使用者以外，重新聯(lián)系人與自然，同時(shí)減少對(duì)城市野生動(dòng)植物的干擾，為整體社區(qū)帶來(lái)益處。

生態(tài)友善設(shè)計(jì)是同時(shí)促進(jìn)人和環(huán)境健康的方案，逐漸成為設(shè)計(jì)辦公場(chǎng)所的大趨勢(shì)。創(chuàng)造生態(tài)友善空間的方法包括引入水景、非反光表面、生命墻，避免使用向外照射的強(qiáng)燈以及優(yōu)先使用天然或回收物料等。Kellert 和Calabrese（2015）提出打造生態(tài)友善體驗(yàn)的三組元素的設(shè)計(jì)框架（見圖 9）。

通風(fēng)走廊、植物墻和穿孔或百葉立面等可滲透元素促進(jìn)風(fēng)和陽(yáng)光穿過(guò)建筑物，更可減低高密度環(huán)境中的街谷效應(yīng)。近年的商業(yè)發(fā)展也更著重模糊室外和室內(nèi)的邊界，包括利用空中花園、露天中庭、室內(nèi)庭園，或讓樹木直接穿透天窗等等（見圖 10）。

與自然環(huán)境融合的方式十分多元化，包括采用自然元素、大地色調(diào)、雨水花園，以及木材、陶瓦、竹和再生鋼材等環(huán)保材料。

甚至，關(guān)于零能耗建筑的討論也越來(lái)越多，這種新興的建筑自身就能夠產(chǎn)生電力，同時(shí)盡量節(jié)省能源消耗，減低對(duì)外部電力的需求。

項(xiàng)目的動(dòng)線規(guī)劃應(yīng)考慮整個(gè)社區(qū)的人流，營(yíng)造具包容性的社區(qū)。辦公樓不應(yīng)只限于員工使用，而是演變成元素豐富的混合功能空間，把公共空間、空中花園和活動(dòng)場(chǎng)地開放給附近的居民，鼓勵(lì)公眾一同享用，同時(shí)融合附近街道令整個(gè)社區(qū)帶來(lái)視覺上的和諧。

奧體萬(wàn)科中心通透的社交空間就是一個(gè)例子（見圖11），架空層接通地塊南北兩端提供一條通行的捷徑，并與附近街道的人流融合，而庭院周圍的綠化帶和零售設(shè)施亦鼓勵(lì)大眾享用。

再看 LWK+PARTNERS 的綜合體項(xiàng)目中國(guó)南京五星廣場(chǎng)。我們團(tuán)隊(duì)在設(shè)計(jì)上超越五天工作周的界限，為員工、在當(dāng)?shù)厣罨蚬ぷ鞯木用褚约霸L客提供共享社區(qū)空間（見圖 12 和圖 13），設(shè)有兩座辦公室總部、員工公寓及以文化和家庭為導(dǎo)向的商業(yè)街。

采用物聯(lián)網(wǎng)（IoT）的響應(yīng)式工作空間

隨著彈性的混合辦公模式興起，每個(gè)人上班時(shí)間有所不同，辦公樓的使用率將更為分散。數(shù)字化的需求增加也同時(shí)使未來(lái)辦公空間的能源需求大增。在保護(hù)環(huán)境的同時(shí)優(yōu)化用戶體驗(yàn)是建筑師必須面對(duì)的挑戰(zhàn)，比如善用結(jié)合建筑資訊模型（BIM）的智能建筑方案。

清華大學(xué)、萬(wàn)科及中國(guó)微軟于 2021 年 5 月聯(lián)合發(fā)布的《智慧辦公建筑評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》由中國(guó)城市科學(xué)研究會(huì)認(rèn)可及運(yùn)營(yíng)（Microsoft 2021）。報(bào)告提出 61 項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，用于評(píng)估辦公環(huán)境是否符合人體工學(xué)、高效和創(chuàng)新，為中國(guó)設(shè)計(jì)和運(yùn)營(yíng)優(yōu)質(zhì)智能辦公場(chǎng)所制定準(zhǔn)則，評(píng)估一個(gè)場(chǎng)所在提高健康、安全、能源效益、減碳、生產(chǎn)力、管理效率、用戶滿意度等各方面的表現(xiàn)。

上述報(bào)告由官產(chǎn)學(xué)三方共同合作，突顯智能辦公在中國(guó)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，吸引各大公私營(yíng)機(jī)構(gòu)參與。

智能建筑的成功取決于不同 IoT 傳感器和大樓設(shè)備的相互聯(lián)系和響應(yīng)，使大樓成為獨(dú)立運(yùn)作的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。

圖8.中國(guó)杭州奧體萬(wàn)科中心提供通透的社交空間連接附近的街道。Figure 8.The central courtyard of Aoti Vanke Centre is a permeable social space that integrates with the surrounding streetscape.

圖9.生態(tài)友善體驗(yàn)的元素（Kellert and Calabrese 2015）。Figure 9.Elements of a biophilic experience.Source:Kellert and Calabrese 2015.

圖10.中國(guó)杭州鎵谷科學(xué)園的公共露臺(tái)讓新鮮空氣和陽(yáng)光進(jìn)入核心空間。Figure 10.Communal terraces at the Gallium Valley Science Park let fresh air and sunlight into core spaces.

IoT 傳感器實(shí)時(shí)收集環(huán)境數(shù)據(jù)和用戶使用空間的模式，讓運(yùn)營(yíng)商分析以改善未來(lái)運(yùn)營(yíng)及使用者體驗(yàn)。傳感器涵蓋的范圍由溫度、空氣質(zhì)素和光線到用水、空間占用狀況、人們動(dòng)態(tài)等，還可以偵測(cè)安全問(wèn)題、設(shè)備位置異常及需要檢查或維修的地方。

收集到的數(shù)據(jù)可與大樓管理系統(tǒng)結(jié)合，包括電燈開關(guān)、空調(diào)、遮陽(yáng)設(shè)備等，例如沒有人的時(shí)候自動(dòng)關(guān)掉不必要的電燈、來(lái)自天文臺(tái)的天氣預(yù)報(bào)可以與過(guò)去的空間占用數(shù)據(jù)相結(jié)合，預(yù)測(cè)最佳能源使用水平及設(shè)備配置。

有效的響應(yīng)式環(huán)境迎合不同使用者的需求和習(xí)慣，帶來(lái)流暢多樣的使用者體驗(yàn)（見圖 14），更提高安全、健康、員工滿意度、資源效益及建筑物維護(hù)的質(zhì)素。

長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看，這些能夠“獨(dú)立運(yùn)作”的智能建筑有助推動(dòng)社會(huì)邁向凈零碳未來(lái)。目前，建筑行業(yè)占全球能源相關(guān)碳排放量達(dá) 40%（WorldGBC 2020）。

國(guó)際能源署（IEA）預(yù)計(jì)，在建筑物采用智能控制及裝置連接有助于 2040 年前節(jié)省 230 艾焦耳，從而降低10% 全球建筑能耗，同時(shí)為大樓使用者提供更佳的熱舒適度（UNEP &IEA 2017）。

為降低全球碳排放，全球各地的建筑師都在積極發(fā)展具能源效益的零能耗建筑。零能耗建筑能夠就地產(chǎn)生足夠的潔凈能源自給自足，達(dá)至零能耗。若加上政府的支持、數(shù)字化基建和城市規(guī)劃，智能建筑將改變我們的生活方式，促進(jìn)建構(gòu)真正智慧城市。

重新構(gòu)想辦公空間

遠(yuǎn)程辦公并不能適用于所有工種，因此實(shí)體辦公空間在未來(lái)一段時(shí)間將仍然是關(guān)鍵的工作場(chǎng)所，尤其是對(duì)知識(shí)型工作者而言。與此同時(shí)，疫情加速了全球工作模式轉(zhuǎn)變，人們對(duì)健康的重視程度亦大增，也影響到人們心目中對(duì)理想辦公場(chǎng)所的想象。

靈活性對(duì)理想的辦公場(chǎng)所無(wú)疑是決定性的關(guān)鍵因素。雇主了解到靈活的工作模式是留住及吸引優(yōu)質(zhì)人才的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，也能提高運(yùn)營(yíng)彈性，尤其是在全球流動(dòng)性受到限制的時(shí)期。因此，未來(lái)辦公空間的特性和設(shè)計(jì)必須讓人們能夠按照自身需要，選擇最適合自己的工作模式。

為了讓使用者盡量發(fā)揮自己的工作能力和創(chuàng)造力，健康應(yīng)被視為全面及多維度的概念。未來(lái)的辦公場(chǎng)所設(shè)計(jì)需要不同專業(yè)領(lǐng)域相互合作，尤其是當(dāng) BIM 和 IoT 技術(shù)的結(jié)合對(duì)創(chuàng)造舒適、高效的使用者環(huán)境變得越來(lái)越重要。人們對(duì)工作與生活平衡的追求越來(lái)越重視，進(jìn)一步模糊工作場(chǎng)所與“第三空間”的邊界。為了優(yōu)化使用者體驗(yàn)，建筑師的設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)將遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超越建筑功能，追求更多實(shí)踐心靈健康及激發(fā)人與人互動(dòng)的方向。

圖11.中國(guó)杭州奧體萬(wàn)科中心的裙樓從地面升高，架空層接通地塊南北兩端，提供一條通行的人行捷徑。Figure 11.The podium of Aoti Vanke Centre is elevated,connecting two ends of the overall site and providing a shortcut for people to pass through.

Introduction

Never have the modes of work been so diverse in contemporary history.A growing number of multinational employers are transitioning to"hybrid mode" in their daily operations,which is already having an influence on the kinds of workspaces they build for employees.

While coworking spaces are known for their ability to bring individuals of different professions,needs,and work routines together in one place,larger corporations are also becoming increasingly multidisciplinary.Engineering firms are recruiting policy experts,academic research is done across departments,and retail brands are diversifying their product and service offerings to boost market coverage.

All this means that people with very different backgrounds,knowledge and skills,and who have varying needs of their own,are working alongside and collaborating with each other in the same space.At the same time,"well-being"is becoming a strong consideration in building design,as people are now hyper-aware of how the conditions of their daily surroundings affect longterm wellness.Meanwhile,employers increasingly recognize that staff well-being is critically linked to business performance and resilience.Ensuring that people work productively in a healthy and inspiring environment,while bringing added value to the community,is now a high priority for both employers and building operators.

Multifunctional,Flexible Neighborhoods

Human well-being is holistic and multidimensional.People spend about a third of their time in their workplaces,and individuals have a range of needs to fulfill throughout the day,in addition to business requirements.

As the boundary between work and lifestyle continues to break down,future office complexes will evolve into efficient,fluid communities where a wide range of spatial functions are within convenient reach of users.These include,but are not limited to flexible workstations,breakout spaces,exhibition venues,arts and performance spaces,healthcare,retail,food and beverage (F&B),sports facilities,greenery,etc.

This mixed-use trend promises not just commercial efficiency,but a joyous and shared culture that encourages a variety of simultaneous social and cultural happenings,generating dynamic energy and a communal experience.The workspace is essentially becoming a multifunction neighborhood,where people gather,dwell,and create with one another,or in their own productive ways.

But simple diversity is not enough.The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that,to ensure sustainable business operations,flexibility is equally– if not more– critical as a workplace quality.

The ability to provide flexible work options is also rising as an important attribute for talent retention,especially among the new generation.According to the EY 2021 Work Reimagined Employee Survey,which surveyed more than 16,000 employees from 16 countries across 23 industries,54 percent of employees would consider leaving their jobs after the pandemic if they are not afforded some form of flexibility in where and when they work,and millennials are twice as likely to quit as baby boomers(EY 2021).

圖12.中國(guó)南京五星廣場(chǎng)提供兩個(gè)辦公室總部、計(jì)劃用于員工住宿的公寓和以文化及家庭為導(dǎo)向的商業(yè)街。Figure 12.The FSH Plaza,a mixed-use development in Nanjing,includes two headquarters offices,apartments planned for staff accommodation,and a retail street with a cultural and family-oriented retail mix.

This is echoed by a survey by global management consultancy McKinsey,which reported that nearly three-quarters of 5,000 employees surveyed globally said they would like to work from home for two or more days per week after the pandemic(De Smet et al.2021).

A sensible curation of amenity-rich mixed-use spaces is a valuable asset that helps companies adapt to a post-pandemic society and retain top talent.Under hybrid working,there will always be part of the workforce working remotely.Facilitating collaboration between those in and out of the office is a challenge,not only for employers,but also designers.Spaces must be designed to accommodate different workstyles,routines and modes of work– private work,face-to-face meetings,virtual conferencing,brainstorming,cross-disciplinary collaborations,knowledge sharing,forum discussions,etc.To elevate the user experience,it remains a task for the architect to link these components seamlessly with walkable circulation systems,interlocking volumes,multilayered greenery,and common areas.

Take Gallium Valley Science Park,our project at LWK+PARTNERS,for example.For this office park located in Cloud Valley in Hangzhou,China,our intention is to surround future users with lots of inspiration,interconnected shared spaces,and social opportunities (see figures 1 and 2).It also aims to improve and enrich the experience of communication and collaboration.

The project consists of laboratories,coworking and meeting spaces,sports facilities,exhibition venues,restaurants and retail outlets,to make up a comprehensive program.A communal “sky-loop”platform on Level 3 connects office spaces with amenities like eateries,roof gardens,and other recreational facilities (see Figure 3).

Taller blocks feature major recesses on building envelopes facing the central courtyard,creating communal terraces to let in fresh air and sunlight into core spaces like lift lobbies and pantries.The project seeks to blur the lines between work,wellness,lifestyle,and the park,potentially becoming a signature type of workspace that fosters a work-life balance in the science-tech industry.

Expanding Focus on Bodily Health

Commitment to staff well-being helps attract talent—a trend amplified by the pandemic—and employers are investing more in it.Even before the pandemic,global advisory Willis Towers Watson found that supporting staff well-being is one of the top four staff benefits priorities for 66 percent of companies globally,and 60 percent in Asia-Pacific (Willis Towers Watson 2019).The latest data from the Global Wellness Institute also reveals that Asia-Pacific employer expenditures on workplace wellness programs/services grew 5.1 percent annually from 2015 to 2017,to US$9.3 billion (GWI 2018).

Research has shown that active office designs have a positive effect on reducing employees’ sitting time (Wallmann-Sperlich et al.2019).A walkable environment with easy access to greenery and open spaces at different levels and scales encourages people to move around and exercise,while a growing number of office complexes nowadays offer a range of sports and recreational facilities for people to merge their workout routine into their work schedules (see Figure 4).

Addressing well-being is also about creating a space where people feel comfortable to stay for a long time.In an office environment,people can easily be drawn to hours of intense,focused working when assignment deadlines approach,or when workloads grow.Spaces that promote movement throughout the day can make a difference,as physical exercise can stimulate brain activity and speed up task completion.Inserting a feature staircase can be a way to encourage vertical movement,while providing a point of visual attraction.Using desks with adjustable heights allows people to stand up while working,and it also provides an easier setting for group discussion.

Lighting is an aspect in occupational well-being sometimes overlooked by employers.But the right lighting does enhance people’s performance at work (CBRE 2017).A combination of large openings,skylights,operable windows and passive shading devices all help optimize natural lighting and minimize glare for indoor workers (see Figure 5).Ideally,users can adjust the intensity of lighting,according to the weather and the nature of their task.

Maintaining the right indoor temperature and good ventilation are equally important for safeguarding the well-being of workplace users.Interiors that open out into outdoor terraces,and floor plates cutting into each other can be good ways to draw ample fresh air into the office,while large,visible indoor staircases piercing through the main office space allow air to move from one floor to another.Chilled ceiling systems can also be installed to ensure even distribution of cool air.

Nourishing the Mind,Soul,and Social Self

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that depression and anxiety cost the global economy US$1 trillion per year in lost productivity(WHO 2019),while other studies show that employee satisfaction has a positive effect on performance (Bellet,De Neve &Ward 2019).Workplaces,therefore,should be thoughtfully designed to nourish the mind and soul for workers to keep their brains fresh for the challenges ahead.Promoting open communications within the team is a long-standing objective in people management.A study reveals that 61 percent of employees in the United States think their productivity at work is affected by their mental health (Mind Share Partners 2019) but a separate survey found only 30 percent of global employees feeling comfortable talking to their manager about their mental health (Segel 2021).

Designing a range of spaces that vary in privacy levels ensures that different kinds of staff engagement activities can take place.While open-plan layouts may convey a sense of spaciousness and transparency,employees also need more secluded booths to voice out their concerns to management in private,undisturbed conversations.Forums,training,and team-building sessions with a larger number of participants can make use of open-air theatres and meeting rooms(see Figure 6).

圖13.中國(guó)南京五星廣場(chǎng)綜合體超越五天工作周的界限，提供共享社區(qū)空間。Figure 13.The FSH Plaza,a mixed-use development in Nanjing,goes beyond the considerations of the five-day working week to create an inviting space for community enjoyment.

Experience with nature is definitely part of mental nourishment.Research has shown that different interventions to improve physical and visual access to workplace greenery help reduce human stress levels (Toyoda et al 2020).Therefore,incorporating plantings and greenery has become a mainstream option for 21st-century architecture to provide relaxing breathing spaces for users.

Our team at LWK+PARTNERS took this emphasis on greenery further for Aoti Vanke Centre in Hangzhou,China,with a design that uses the garden as a central driving concept (see figures 7 and 8).As an innovative working hub,the project disrupts the established norm in office architecture that dictates the prime central spot should be occupied by tower lobbies.

Instead,the lobbies take a step back from the forefront,allowing the central courtyard to double as an entry point at the heart of the site,opening up more space to integrate and engage with the urban fabric.Above the courtyard is an elevated podium,each successive level of which rotates by a different degree,reinterpreting the podium-tower typology to create myriad walking spaces for people's enjoyment.

The project program extends beyond being solely a gathering and social hub for the office workers,but also offers spaces with a distinctive architectural quality.This affords an iconic,dynamic,and sensational moment as one looks up the courtyard,seeing the twisting and shifting of the architecture language of the podium projecting onto the tower.Together with the lush and serene environment secluded away from the noise and the busy city environment,the space also offers a meditative ambiance,giving peace of mind to occupants.

The office should be a place for exchanging ideas and building networks.Casual interactions should be fostered through wide corridors,open terraces,and generous lounge spaces,as peer support and encounters with people help relieve stress.Periods of pandemic-induced isolation and social distancing have highlighted our need to interact and physically share a space with other human beings.

At the same time,the importance of solitude should be recognized.A moment of self-reflection or "me-time" during breaks can be inspirational,therapeutic,and productive.With the rise of"self-care" and growing receptiveness towards a mindful lifestyle,the future workspace should include pockets of quiet spaces,especially in companies where creativity or insight is part of employee output.

Art facilitates serendipity,stimulates different human senses and gives the workspace a unique identity.It inspires a richer ambience,emotions,and encourages dialogue between people moving in the space.This does not necessarily require a large number of artworks,but creating rhythm and movement through architectural forms,depth,and hues can be a promising approach.

Biophilic Design and Communal Well-Being

Office buildings were once developed purely as landmarks of prosperity and development.Today,a more considerate approach would be to harmonize the building with its surrounding landscapes functionally and aesthetically,extending considerations for well-being beyond building users to produce holistic benefits for the community,help people reconnect with nature and minimize disruptions to urban wildlife.Biophilic design presents a solution that promotes human and environmental well-being,and it is growing as a workplace design trend.Integration of water features,use of non-reflective surfaces,living walls,avoidance of outward-facing bright lights,and prioritizing natural or recycled materials are some of the approaches to creating an ecofriendly development.Kellert and Calabrese (2015)set out a design framework showing three groups of elements contributing to a biophilic experience(see Figure 9).

Introducing permeable elements like wind corridors,plant walls,and perforated/louvered fa?ades encourages wind and sunlight to pass through the building.Especially in high-density contexts,this mitigates the "street canyon" effect.Blurring the boundary between outdoors and indoors,more recent commercial developments have come to embrace a new style of building forms,featuring hanging gardens,open-air atria,winter gardens,trees growing through floor penetrations,and more (see Figure 10).

Integration with the physical surroundings can also be expressed in the use of natural forms,earth-tone palettes,rain gardens,and eco-friendly materials like timber,terra cotta,bamboo,and recycled steel.

Taking a step further,there has also been increasing discussion about zero-energy buildings,an emerging typology that produces its own power,with minimal consumption of externally sourced energy.

To create a socially inclusive landscape,the overall community should be included in circulation planning.Rather than restricting the office building to workers,nearby residents can be invited to use and participate in the complex,especially as the workplace evolves into diverse mixed-use programs.Public realms,skygardens,and event venues can be designed for public enjoyment,while integration with the surrounding streetscape brings visual harmony to the neighborhood at large.

As an example,the central courtyard at Aoti Vanke Centre is a very permeable social space (see Figure 11).Connecting two ends of the overall site,it provides a shortcut for people to pass through and integrates with the pedestrian flow in the surrounding streetscape.Members of the public are also encouraged to enter and enjoy the varietyof green spaces and retail facilities located around the courtyard.

圖14.有效的響應(yīng)式環(huán)境為不同需求和習(xí)慣的使用者帶來(lái)流暢多樣的使用者體驗(yàn)。圖為中國(guó)杭州鎵谷科學(xué)園。Figure 14.An effective,responsive environment brings about a well-curated user experience tailored to the needs and habits of different occupants.Shown here:a rendering of Gallium Valley Science Park in Hangzhou.

中國(guó)南京五星廣場(chǎng)

For another project,the FSH Plaza,a mixeduse development in Nanjing,our team at LWK +PARTNERS goes beyond the considerations of the five-day working week to create an inviting space for community enjoyment (see figures 12 and 13).The project offers two headquarters office blocks,apartments for staff accommodation,and a street with a cultural and family-oriented retail mix,accommodating the family life of employees,people who live or work in the area,and those who may just be visiting.

Responsive Workspaces via the Internet of Things (IoT)

As flexible,hybrid work kicks in,occupancy of the office building will be distributed around the clock as people come to work at different times of the day.With demand for digitalization rising at the same time,energy demand will increase in our future workspaces.Optimizing user experience while pursuing environmentally-sound strategies is a challenge every office architect today must address,to which smart solutions that integrate building information modeling (BIM) will provide much assistance.

In May 2021,Tsinghua University,Vanke,and Microsoft China published the Assessment Standard for Smart Office Buildings,recognized and run by the Chinese Society for Urban Studies,one of the country’s high-level advisory bodies for future sustainable urban development(Microsoft 2021).It sets out 61 measurements for assessing whether an office environment is ergonomic,efficient,and innovative,setting a benchmark for designing and running quality,smart workplaces in China.It measures a space’s ability to enhance health,safety,energy efficiency,carbon reduction,productivity,management efficiency,user satisfaction,and more.

The above academia-industry-government collaboration highlights the extent of interest in the “smart office” in China,which has attracted major participants across public and private sectors.

Smart buildings are most successful when different IoT sensors and building services communicate with and respond to one another,making the building a self-contained ecosystem.

IoT sensors capture real-time environmental data and spatial usage patterns,providing operators with powerful analytics and insights on how to improve future operations and user experiences.The range of data covered by sensors includes temperature,air quality and light levels,water use,space occupancy,movement of people,and more.They also detect security issues,dislocated equipment,and places where a check-up or repair is needed.

The collected data can then be integrated with building management systems (BMSes) to generate adaptive responses within the building,including light switches,air-conditioning,sun shading devices,etc.For example,unnecessary lighting can switch off automatically when no one is around,and weather forecasts from the observatory can be combined with historic space occupancy data to predict optimum energy use and configure building devices.

An effective,responsive environment brings about a well-curated user experience tailored to the needs and habits of different occupants (see Figure 14).It also boosts safety,health,employee satisfaction,resource efficiency,and the quality of building maintenance.

中國(guó)杭州鎵谷科學(xué)園

中國(guó)杭州鎵谷科學(xué)園

In the longer term,these “self-functioning”smart buildings are critical for helping society transition to a net-zero-carbon future.Currently,buildings account for almost 40 percent of energyrelated global carbon emissions (WorldGBC 2020).The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that smart controls and connected devices in buildings could save 230 exajoules (EJ) in cumulative energy savings to 2040,which lowers building energy consumption by 10 percent globally,while enhancing thermal comfort and delivering greater amenities for building occupants (UNEP &IEA 2017).

To bring down global carbon emissions,architects around the world are working to develop “zeroenergy” buildings,which generate enough clean energy on-site for their own use,translating into net-zero energy consumption.Combined with government support,digital infrastructure and city planning initiatives,smart buildings are set to transform how we live,paving the way towards the building of smart cities.

Reimagining the Workspace

Not all jobs can be done remotely,and the office as a key workplace,especially for knowledge workers,is likely to persist for some time.At the same time,shifting global work patterns and rising concerns around well-being—trends that have been accelerated and intensified by the pandemic—are fostering new perspectives on what a desirable workplace looks like.

Flexibility is certainly a defining feature for such a desirable workplace.Employers recognize the provision of flexible working,both as a merit point for retaining and attracting high-caliber talent,and as an ingredient for boosting operational resilience at times when global mobility is restricted.This is why the future workspace must be characterized by spatial qualities and design features that allow people to work in the modes that best suit their style.

To engage users in their most productive and creative selves,well-being should be treated as a holistic,integrated concept with multiple dimensions.Designing the future workplace,therefore,also involves the collaboration of ever-more diverse disciplines,especially as the integration of BIM and IoT technologies becomes increasingly important for creating a comfortable,efficient environment for building users.

中國(guó)杭州鎵谷科學(xué)園

中國(guó)杭州鎵谷科學(xué)園

中國(guó)杭州奧體萬(wàn)科中心

中國(guó)南京五星廣場(chǎng)

中國(guó)杭州奧體萬(wàn)科中心

Growing priorities for a work-life balance have also further dissolved the boundary between the workplace and “third places” for performing our daily life routines.To optimize the user experience,architects will be looking beyond the “functionality” of architecture to achieve spiritual wellness and positive social dynamics.