文平 徐吉宏

泥塑,作為一項民間傳統(tǒng)技藝,最早可追溯到新石器時代。在菏澤市成武縣傳承已久的曹州泥偶制作技藝,是中國泥塑大家庭的成員之一,入選了山東省第五批省級非物質文化遺產代表性項目名錄。
曹州泥偶是在生活用具陶器的基礎上,加以各類技法,逐步演變而成,具有較強的觀賞性和藝術價值,按形態(tài)分為微塑、動物、人物、器皿、瓦脊五大類。曹州泥偶造型生動,胎釉渾厚,有著鮮明的地域特色和濃郁的鄉(xiāng)土氣息,其制作流程完整保留了傳統(tǒng)的手工特色,繼承和發(fā)展了刀塑、按塑、捏塑、貼塑四種方法和上釉燒制技術。
曹州泥偶制作技藝以家族式傳承為主,現年42歲的康志敏是第四代傳人。康志敏自幼隨父康紹華學習泥塑,熟練掌握了制作曹州泥偶的各項要領。他將國內陶藝南方的婉約與北方的粗獷糅合在一起,形成自己獨特的風格,創(chuàng)立“龍人康”品牌。
走進位于成武縣文亭街道的康志敏工作室,一件件活靈活現、憨態(tài)可掬的泥偶映入眼簾。這些作品,經康志敏之手而獲得了生命力。成武,是康志敏的家鄉(xiāng),也是他藝術創(chuàng)作的靈感來源地之一。年愈久,康志敏對家鄉(xiāng)的情愈深,兒時記憶中的唱歌、跳舞、勞作等各類生活場景,時常出現在他腦海里,難以忘懷。

2017年,在外奔波十幾年的康志敏決定返鄉(xiāng)創(chuàng)業(yè),黃土地成為他創(chuàng)作的原始素材,靈感源源不斷地涌現,泥偶在鄉(xiāng)土中煥發(fā)出蓬勃活力。康志敏就地取材,回饋著這片土地的贈予。2021年,康志敏與中國美術學院合作,創(chuàng)作了《魯西南記憶》專題,把吃苦耐勞、堅忍不拔、正直勇敢的魯西南品格融入泥偶創(chuàng)作中。對家鄉(xiāng)的回憶以及家鄉(xiāng)如今的新面貌,都在康志敏一個個泥偶作品中得到展現。
康志敏把家鄉(xiāng)的過去、現在、未來都融進泥偶,為這片土地引吭高歌,并立志把泥偶制作發(fā)展成富民產業(yè),帶動旅游業(yè)發(fā)展,打造成武的特色文化品牌。而對泥偶制作技藝的不懈追求,則為他的藝術創(chuàng)作提供了不竭動力。
在康志敏看來,藝術創(chuàng)作貴在個性與風格的表現,泥偶的造型、釉色及燒成方法是創(chuàng)作者藝術追求與情感的呈現。可以說,曹州泥偶既是物質的產品,又是精神的產物,既是一門古老的藝術,又是一門現代的藝術。康志敏的泥偶作品,正體現了藝術與生活的統(tǒng)一。

The long-standing clay figurine technique of Caozhou in Chengwu County, Heze, as a member of Chinas clay sculpture family, has been included on the Fifth Representative List of Provincial Intangible Cultural Heritage of Shandong.
The clay figurine technique of Caozhou is dominated by family inheritance, and 43-year-old Kang Zhimin is the fourth-generation inheritor. Learning clay sculpture from his father Kang Shaohua since childhood, Kang Zhimin has mastered the main points of the clay figurine of Caozhou. Besides, he has established his own style by combining the graceful and restrained elements of pottery from South China and the natural elements from North China.
Integrating the past, present and future of his hometown into clay figurines, Kang Zhimin has been singing the praises of this land, and is determined to develop the clay figurine technique into an industry enriching the people, to stimulate the development of tourism, and to build Chengwus characteristic culture brand.