An Underwater Volcanoes

◎供稿：羅亞琪

水下火山噴發可能是什么樣子？我們可以做個小實驗：（1）將大容器裝滿冷水，小容器裝滿熱水；（2）將石頭放在小容器的底部，在小容器中加入食用色素，混合紅色和黃色得到橙色；（3）將小容器輕輕放入大容器中，保持小容器直立。然后，我們就會看到“水下火山噴發”了！可是，真正的水下火山是怎樣的呢？

1) erupt [??r?pt] v. 爆發

2) blast [blɑ?st] n. 爆炸

3) soot [s?t] n. 煤煙

4) ridɡe [r?d?] n. 山脊；分水嶺

5) tectonic [tek?t?n?k] adj. 構造的；建筑的

An underwater volcano, known as Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai,1)eruptedon January 15, 2022, near Tonga. The island nation is located in the South Pacific Ocean, home to about 105,000 people. The2)blastsent ash, gas, and3)sootabout 12 miles above the ocean’s surface. The damage in Tonga isn’t fully known yet. But the massive explosion raised concerns of tsunamis all through the Pacific and as far away as the west coast of the United States.

Underwater volcanoes, is also called submarine volcanoes. There are almost 1,350 active volcanoes around the globe, apart from the undersea volcanoes on the ocean bed with a wide range near the mid-Atlantic4)ridge. According to the geologists’ research of underwater volcano facts, most of the underwater volcanoes are formed close to or along the boundary of two adjoining5)tectonicplates. The movement of tectonic plates towards each other, overlapping each other or colliding with each other, forces the hot magma to rise with great pressure from the cracks formed due to tectonic plates. Underwater6)debriswould be lifted into the air by explosive eruptions in deep ocean water.

The magma that cools down after colliding with water takes a solid form, creating the Earth’s crust, which was earlier a7)moltenrock that originated from the mid-ocean ridge of either the Pacific plate or any other ocean plate. There is no particular shape to the lava, and it takes form as it spreads widely into the seabed or ocean bed. In comparison to air, which is8)approximately250 times stronger in force or exertion, ocean water causes the greater force on the earth’s surface. An underwater volcano is close to each, which is usually formed out of a group called the ring of fire. Underwater volcanic eruptions have contributed to global warming by leading to an increase in the amount of CO29)compoundsin the water.

It is difficult to detect the underwater eruption due to the lack of sound of boiling water, as the pressure is greater beneath the deep sea in comparison to the atmosphere. The latest technology, like10)hydrophones, also fails to detect the sound of an underwater volcanic eruption.

Hydrothermal vents emerge from the seabed but stay well beneath the seawater’s surface. As a result, these hydrothermal vents are not referred to as “islands”. These hydrothermal vents might erupt suddenly, taking any of their forms. Underwater eruptions or volcanic eruptions are unpredictable.

6) debris [?debri?] n. 碎片

7) molten [?m??lt?n] adj. 熔化的

8) approximately [??pr?ks?m?tli] adv. 大約

9) compound [?k?mpa?nd ] n. 混合物

10) hydrophone ['ha?dr?f??n] n. 水聽器

一座名為湯加洪-阿哈阿帕伊島的水下火山于2022年1月15日在湯加附近爆發。湯加位于南太平洋，擁有約10.5萬人口。爆炸將火山灰、氣體和煤煙吹至距離海面約12英里的高空。湯加的損失尚不完全清楚，但這次巨大的爆炸引發了人們對整個太平洋乃至美國西海岸的海嘯的擔憂。

水下火山，也稱為海底火山。除了在大西洋中脊附近分布廣泛的海床上的海底火山外，全球有近1350座活火山。根據地質學家對水下火山的研究，水下火山大多形成于靠近或沿兩個相鄰構造板塊的邊界。板塊構造的板塊運動、相互重疊或碰撞，迫使熱巖漿從由板塊構造形成的裂縫中以巨大的壓力上升。水下碎片會被深海水中的爆炸噴發至空中。

巖漿與水碰撞后冷卻下來形成固體形態，形成了地殼。地殼早期是來自太平洋板塊或任何其他海洋板塊的大洋中脊的熔融巖石。熔巖沒有特別的形狀，它廣泛地延伸到海床或海床中。與空氣相比，海水對地球表面的作用力約為空氣的250倍，海水在地球表面產生的作用力更大。每座火山附近都有一座水下火山，通常由一組稱為火環的火山組成。水下火山噴發導致水中二氧化碳混合物的含量增加，從而加劇全球變暖。

由于缺乏沸騰的聲音，所以很難探測到水下火山噴發，因為海底的壓力大于大氣的壓力。即使有水聽器這樣的最新技術，也無法探測到水下火山噴發的聲音。

熱液口從海床上露出來，但仍位于海水表面之下。因此，這些熱液口不被稱為“島嶼”。這些熱液口可能會以任何形式突然爆發。水下噴發或火山噴發是不可預測的。