Appendico-vesicocolonic fistula:A case report and review of literature

lNTRODUCTlON

Appendicovesical fistulas are commonly seen as complications after conservative treatment of acute and chronic appendicitis and benign or malignant appendiceal neoplasms[1]. Appendicovesical fistulas account for approximately 5% of all enterovesical fistulas[2]. Appendiceal-colonic fistulas are commonly seen in diseases such as a vermiform appendix combined with acute or chronic appendicitis or benign or malignant appendiceal neoplasms. It also occurs in the sigmoid colon combined with colonic diverticulitis or colonic malignancy[3]. Colovesical fistulas are more commonly seen in sigmoid diverticulitis or colonic malignancy disease and are rarely seen with bladder malignancies originating on the left side of the bladder that invade the sigmoid colon. Sigmoid diverticulitis is the most common cause[4]. It has been reported that the incidence of colovesical fistula is 2%-23% in diverticular disease[5].

Appendico-vesicocolonic fistulas are composed of the above three fistulas. It is a rare disease, with only 3 cases reported thus far[6-8]. A case of simultaneous double fistulas, “appendico-vesicocolonic fistula combined with appendiceal-colonic fistula”, has not been reported thus far throughout the world. Here, we report a rare case of an appendico-vesicocolonic fistula with an appendiceal-colonic fistula.

CASE PRESENTATlON

Chief complaints

A 77-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital because of “diarrhea and urine having fecal material for 7 years”.

History of present illness

Seven years before presentation, the patient experienced diarrhea and frequent and urgent urination, accompanied by urine having fecal material with no obvious cause. He was admitted to the local hospital. Colonoscopy showed a fistula 15 cm away from the anus, and a colovesical fistula was considered. Surgical treatment was suggested, but the patient refused surgery because the symptoms did not significantly affect his quality of life at that time. Recently, the patient came to our hospital due to worsening of the symptoms of frequent and urgent urination. The patient did not receive any other trauma or treatment during the period between refusing the surgery and its acceptance.

The heap of feathers that you see here, said she, you must get finished before I come home in the evening, otherwise you shall be set to harder work

MRI is widely used in the diagnosis of appendico-vesicocolonic fistulas because of its quality imaging of soft tissues. The main radiographic findings were tubular hyperintensities on T2-weighted images and focal disruptions of the muscular layer of the bladder wall. A study by Ravichandran[24] showed that enterovesical fistulas were diagnosed by MRI in 18 out of 19 patients, and the related causes were analyzed. The patient reported in this paper did not receive an MRI examination because the diagnosis was confirmed by CT and endoscopy. In addition, barium enema studies, total alimentary tract contrast studies, cystography, and retrograde urography also play auxiliary roles in the diagnosis. Among them, the Bourne test had a higher detection rate, urine specimens were collected immediately after a barium enema, and the sediment was examined by radiography after centrifugation. If the sediment contained the barium agent, the diagnosis could be confirmed. However, few institutions have carried out such test.

History of past illness

The patient had hypertension and diabetes for many years but had no history of trauma or surgery.

Personal and family history

Physical examination

Colonoscopy and cystoscopy have a limited diagnostic value for appendico-vesicocolonic fistulas. According to relevant reports, the detection rate of enterovesical fistulas by colonoscopy is highly variable, ranging from 11% to 89%[22]. The low colonoscopy detection rate was mainly because some fistulas with stenosis in the neck were easily ignored or mistaken for colonic diverticula. Although cystoscopy is a routine test, it has been reported to diagnose no more than 50% of enterovesical fistulas[22]. Cystoscopy often presents some nonspecific findings, such as diffuse edema of the bladder wall and mucosal bulging. Only mature fistulas with obvious openings can be easily diagnosed with endoscopy. In the study from Melchior[16], the detection rate using colonoscopy was 8.5%, and the detection rate using cystoscopy was 10.2%. Although the diagnostic value of colonoscopy for enterovesical fistulas is limited, it helps to rule out inflammatory bowel disease and colon, appendix, and bladder tumors.

Laboratory examinations

Routine blood test:White blood cell (WBC) 7.9 × 10/L, hemoglobin (HBG) 127 g/L; Stool routine test (-); Urine routine test:WBC (+++), red blood cell 945/H, WBC 1277/HP.

Imaging examinations

The patient has recovered well after surgery. In addition, the symptoms above have completely resolved.

FlNAL DlAGNOSlS

Preoperative diagnosis was a colovesical fistula and an appendiceal-colonic fistula. Postoperative diagnosis was an appendico-vesicocolonic fistula with an appendiceal-colonic fistula.

Of course, at the very mention of the Enchanter as a rival he was furious, and I don t know what foolish things he would not have done if Melinette had not been there to calm him down

TREATMENT

After completing the preoperative preparation and signing the informed consent, the surgeries, which consisted of “cystoscopy, bilateral Double J (D-J) ureteral tube placement, laparoscopic exploration, appendicectomy, resection and anastomosis of sigmoid colon, double-lumen protective ileostomy, bladder fistula neoplasty, and drainage tube placement” were performed. First, for the operation, bilateral D-J tubes were placed with cystoscopy. A zebra guidewire was set through the sinus tract. A catheter was inserted through the guide wire, and the catheter water bag was filled with water for subsequent guidance to find the sinus canal. Using laparoscopy, the water sac was found and located in the cecum. After the appendix was severed at its root from the cecum, the sinus tract was cut open, and the urinary duct was withdrawn. The urinary duct was withdrawn into the colon lumen and then into the bladder lumen. Then, it was confirmed that there was a three-way fistula of the appendix, colon and bladder. After that, sigmoidectomy and anastomosis were performed, and the other fistula revealed by colonoscopy was not found during the operation. The rectum was dissected in the upper segment, and a double-lumen protective ileostomy and bladder neoplasty were performed. The operation was successful with a minimal amount of bleeding.

But they had a swineherd s daughter who was even more beautiful than the miller s daughter, and they gave her a piece of gold to go to the iron stove instead of the Princess

The tailor, who had been watching the fight with amazement10, was still standing11 motionless when the stag bounded up to him, and before he had time to escape forked him up with its great antlers, and set off at full gallop12 over hedges and ditches, hill and dale, through wood and water

Another fistula was seen approximately 5 cm away from the tip of the appendix, which was confirmed as a case of a double fistula consisting of an appendico-vesicocolonic fistula combined with an appendiceal-colonic fistula (Figure 3).

In the course of postoperative recovery, a urinary tract infection occurred, and the urinary culture grewThe infection was cured after antibiotics and antifungal agents were given. The bilateral D-J tubes were removed from the bladder under cystoscopy guidance one month after the operation, and the procedure was successful. Postoperative pathology of the resected rectum, appendix, and part of bladder showed the following:a segment of large intestine was evaluated with a length of 8 cm, and acute or chronic inflammation was present in the large intestinal wall. There was local mucosal erosion and infiltration of some eosinophils in the lamina propria. Two fistulas were observed in the wall of the large intestine. One fistula was adhered to part of the appendiceal wall, and the appendiceal wall was dilated, with mucosal erosion and degeneration. The other fistula was adhered to a small amount of hyperplastic fibers and smooth muscle tissue, and no transitional epithelium was observed. One lymph node around the large intestine showed reactive hyperplasia.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

Colonoscopy:A fistula approximately 1.5 cm in size could be seen involving the sigmoid colon 20 cm from the anus. The endoscope could pass through the fistula, and the bladder mucosa could be seen. Another fistula with a size of approximately 1.2 cm could be seen 15 cm away from the anus. This suggested multiple colovesical fistulas (Figure 1A). Cystoscopy showed a high turbidity of the urine in the bladder, with a large amount of feces visible, and the wall of the bladder was edematous. A fistula could be seen in the lateral wall of the bladder. Both ureteral orifices were fissured, but the flow of urine was clearly visible (Figure 1B). Abdominal pelvic computed tomography (CT) showed that the appendix was not clearly visible. The distal sigmoid colon-cecum, right posterior to the top wall of the bladder-sigmoid colon, and middle sigmoid colon-cecal wall contained adhesions, and fistulas could be seen among these structures. A gas density shadow could be seen in the bladder. The involved intestinal wall and bladder wall were thickened, and a contrast-enhanced CT scan showed enhancements (Figure 2). In view of the previous consideration of a possible colovesical fistula and the complexity of the patient's condition, we considered a CT examination directly rather than a plain film or ultrasound. Plain films, ultrasound, fistulography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were not performed later because the CT scan provided comprehensive information.

DlSCUSSlON

Enterovesical fistulas were first described by Cripps[9] in 1888. Appendiceal-colic fistulas were first reported by Cherigie[10] in 1953.

The common causes of appendico-vesicocolonic fistulas mainly include inflammation, tumors, trauma, and iatrogenic and congenital diseases. Appendiceal-colonic fistulas often begin when acute or chronic appendicitis is combined with the formation of a local abscess, especially after conservative treatment. When the appendix is long and in the pelvic position, local inflammation and abscesses are more likely to be close to and invade the lengthy sigmoid colonic wall, leading to the formation of an appendiceal-colonic fistula. In addition, malignancy of the appendix, neuroma, cystic fibrosis, villous adenoma and parasites are also common causes[2]. Colovesical fistulas are more common in patients with colonic diverticulitis and colonic malignancy, especially in the sigmoid colon, which may be due to its high mobility and anatomical characteristics. According to the data, the incidence of diverticula developing into fistulas was 4% to 23%. Enterovesical fistulas are the most common type, accounting for 33% to 65% of all diagnosed diverticular fistulas[11]. According to the report, inflammatory bowel disease, colon radiotherapy, or bladder malignancy are also rare causes of colovesical fistula[12]. Dangle[13] reported that, rarely, enterovesical fistulas were the result of inflammatory and necrotic responses to the intravesical injection of mitomycin. The underlying etiologies of 66 patients diagnosed with enterovesical fistulas, as reported by Qiu[14], were intestinal cancer (46.97%), Crohn's disease (16.67%), colonic diverticulitis (15.15%), bladder cancer (12.12%), appendicitis and other inflammatory diseases (7.58%), and intraoperative injury (1.52%).

The clinical manifestations of appendico-vesicocolonic fistulas are diverse, and the common manifestations are frequent urination, pneumaturia, urine containing fecal material complex and persistent urinary tract infection, dysuria, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort and other symptoms. Sometimes the symptoms, such as urinary tract irritation, are relieved because the fistula is completely blocked by a bezoar, but temporary abdominal pain may occur when the bezoar in the fistula falls into the bladder[15]. Different patients have different clinical manifestations, and the above clinical symptoms do not always occur simultaneously. Therefore, the early diagnosis of an appendico-vesicocolonic fistula is much more difficult. In this case, the main clinical manifestations of the patient were diarrhea, fecal contamination, and frequent and urgent urination. Melchior[16] reported 49 patients with colovesical fistulas due to sigmoid diverticulitis, 71.4% of patients had pneumaturia, and 51% had fecal material within urine. Yagi[17] had previously reported on a patient with a sigmoid carcinoma within the colonic diverticulum, which invaded the bladder and resulted in a colovesical fistula, the main symptom of which was hematuria. In addition, Κeane and Tebala[18] reported a rare case of hypokalemia and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Most of the patients with appendico-vesicocolonic fistulas were male, which may be because the uterus plays a protective role in the formation of enterovesical fistulas[4]. Melchior[16] reported 49 patients with colovesical fistulas, only 7 patients (14.3%) were female, and 5 of them had undergone a hysterectomy. However, the clinical manifestations of appendiceal-colic fistulas are relatively vague and have a poor specificity, and patients have nonspecific symptoms such as discomfort in the lower abdomen, constipation, diarrhea and so on. Due to its nonspecific manifestations, a preoperative diagnosis is often difficult. The postoperative diagnosis is usually made through histopathological examination of resected specimens after exploratory surgery for other suspected diseases[19].

The diagnoses of appendico-vesicocolonic fistulas and appendiceal-colonic fistulas are often difficult. Although there are various diagnostic methods, different methods have different specificities and sensitivities, so it is often necessary to apply multiple simultaneous diagnostic methods to aid in diagnosis and to improve the detection rates.

Who can tell how useful it may be? A little while after this grand preparations were made for the king s marriage, and all the tailors in the town were busy embroidering10 fine clothes

In terms of laboratory examinations in patients with appendico-vesicocolonic fistulas, routine urine tests and urine cultures had the best results. Routine urine tests are commonly characterized by turbid urine with feces containing a large number of white blood cells and red blood cells.and Κlebsiella are usually found in the urine cultures[20].

In terms of imaging examinations in patients with appendico-vesicocolonic fistulas, compared with other diagnostic tools, abdominal CT is considered to be one of the most sensitive detection tools[21]. The main manifestations are as follows:the intestine and bladder are closely adhered, fistulas can be seen in some cases, gas density shadows can be seen in the bladder, there is corresponding intestinal and bladder wall thickening, and some other manifestations can be present. It has been reported that the detection rate of colovesical fistulas using abdominal spiral CT is between 60% and 100%[22]. In the study from Melchior[16], the detection rate using CT was 40%. Although the detection rate of appendico-vesicocolonic fistulas by CT is highly variable, CT is useful to exclude other organic diseases in the abdominal cavity, such as malignant tumors.

The patient had some mild tenderness in the lower abdomen. Percussion of the abdomen revealed dull percussion sounds.

Detection of poppy seeds in urine is considered a positive confirmatory test for enterovesical fistulas. In some studies, the sensitivity of the poppy seed test to detect fistulas was 94.8%[23]. The poppy seed test involves taking 50 g of poppy seeds orally and visually testing urine for the presence of poppy seeds within 48 h. This experiment is simple and effective, with a high diagnostic rate and almost no side effects. However, it has not been carried out in our country (China) or in our center.

49 When the day came on which the sentence was to be executed, it was the last day of the six years50 in which she must not speak or laugh, and now she had freed her dear brothers from the power of the enchantment

However, it was not long after our honeymoon1 when my husband climbed into the tomb called the office and wrapped his mind in a shroud2 of paperwork and buried himself in clients, and I said nothing for fear of turning into a nagging3 wife. It seemed as if overnight an invisible wall had been erected4 between us.

For appendiceal-colonic fistulas, the main manifestations on CT are as follows:the distal appendix may be closely adhered to the lengthy sigmoid colon, local inflammation or abscesses can be seen, and the fistula can be seen in some cases. Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography is helpful to distinguish between benign and malignant diseases[25]. Barium enemas are useful for the confirmation of appendiceal-colonic fistulas[26].

The specimen was opened and revealed a fistula of approximately 1.5 cm in diameter in the middle of the appendix and leading to the colon and bladder.

Given the atypical symptoms of enterovesical and appendiceal-colonic fistulas, differential diagnoses need to be considered. Because the common symptoms are abdominal pain in the hypogastrium and right/left iliac fossa, they are often differentiated from the following conditions:inflammatory and infectious conditions involving the ileocecal region, diverticulitis occurring in different parts of the digestive tract, malignancies of the appendix and colorectum, and other rare diseases[27]. Interestingly, van Breda Vriesman AC[28] found that infarction of the epiploic appendage or omentum can cause similar localized pain and can easily produce clinical symptoms that resemble appendicitis and diverticulitis, leading to unnecessary surgery. Trovato[29] reported a case of epiploic appendagitis with left lower abdominal pain, whose symptoms were similar to diseases such as diverticulitis and could be treated with conservative treatment. These possible differential diagnoses should all be taken into account.

For appendico-vesicocolonic fistulas, if they are secondary to a benign disease and the symptoms are mild, conservative treatment such as antibiotics can be attempted. However, relevant literature shows that the closure rate of the fistula remains low and there is a significant risk of infectious complications after conservative treatment[30]. Surgical treatment is recommended for appendico-vesicocolonic fistulas caused by malignant diseases or with more severe symptoms that affect normal life. The preferred surgical treatment strategy is a one-stage resection and anastomosis of the disordered bowel segment with or without prophylactic ileum or colon neostomy[16]. However, Hsieh[31] showed that the one-stage operation of enterovesical fistulas should be limited to patients with good nutrition and no severe inflammation, radiation injuries, intestinal obstructions, or advanced malignant tumors present and should not be pursued in elderly patients. In the study by Smeek[32], 53% of the patients underwent secondary surgery due to the advanced age of the patients in the study and the high rate of complications. For the bladder, if the lesion is caused by a benign disease, it is feasible to resect and suture the bladder wall. If malignant tumors involve the trigone of the bladder, a partial resection of the bladder wall with the preservation of the bladder may not be safe. If located outside the trigone of the bladder, partial bladder wall resection with bladder preservation should be considered[17]. There is a marked difference between benign and malignant disease in the treatment of appendiceal-colonic fistulas. If the lesion is benign, resection of the appendix, the fistula and part of the colon should be considered[33]. If the lesion is malignant, a right hemicolectomy, lymph node dissection with resection of the fistula and part of colon should be considered[34]. Specific methods of surgery include open surgery, laparoscopic surgery and robot-assisted surgery. Open surgery is considered the traditional method of treatment, and laparoscopy has been widely used with the maturity of technology in recent decades. Chung[35], Albrecht[1], Lee[36] and others reported successful cases using laparoscopic surgery. In our case, the laparoscopic technique was also used to successfully remove the diseased intestinal segment and repair the fistula. Κibar[37] reported a successful case using robotassisted enterovesical fistula surgery. Postoperative complications include anastomotic fistulas and urinary tract infections. Our patient also developed a urinary tract infection after surgery. The main influencing factors for poor anastomotic healing include radiotherapy, the American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) score, hormone therapy, emergency surgery, lack of surgical experience and a higher body mass index (BMI)[38].

And when she came near she touched him with the sprig of rosemary that she carried; and his memory came back, and he knew her, and kissed her, and declared that she was his true wife, and that he loved her and no other

The case presented here is the fourth reported case of an appendico-vesicocolonic fistula to date worldwide (Table 1). Marsha[6] previously reported a case in 1975 involving a 55-year-old male patient with bladder irritation and diarrhea as the main manifestations. A urine culture showed an E. coli infection, and a barium enema showed that the contrast agent quickly entered the bladder and filled the colon. Intraoperative exploration revealed an appendico-vesicocolonic fistula. Colostomy was performed after the resection of the lesion, and the stoma was closed 3 mo after surgery. Postoperative pathology showed chronic inflammatory changes. Blalock[7] reported a case in 1981 involving a 45-year-old male patient with diarrhea, urinary tract infection, pneumaturia and fecal contamination as the main manifestations. A urine culture showed aninfection. The excretory radiography, barium enema, and cystoscopy showed nonspecific inflammatory changes. During laparotomy, the necrotic tip of the appendix was found in the abscess cavity connected with the sigmoid colon and bladder, and the lesion was removed. Postoperative pathology suggested severe inflammatory changes. Κeane and Tebala[18] reported a 15-year-old male who developed abdominal pain, dysuria, frequent urination and diarrhea after conservative treatment for appendicitis and upper abdominal trauma in 1983. A urinalysis revealed leukocytes present in the urine, and a urine culture grew. Cystourethrography showed an extravasation of contrast medium, but no obvious abnormality was found by colonoscopy and cystoscopy. An exploratory laparotomy revealed fistulas in the appendix, bladder, and rectum, and the lesions were removed. In the 77-year-old man reported in our case, the main manifestations were diarrhea, frequent and urgent urination, and fecal contamination of the urine. Routine urine tests showed a significant increase in white blood cells and red blood cells, the CT showed fistula formation, and cystoscopy and colonoscopy showed fistulas. A laparoscopic resection of the lesion was followed by a protective ileum neostomy. Pathological findings indicated inflammation of the appendix and colon. This is the fourth publicly reported case of an appendico-vesicocolonic fistula. It was also the first double fistula case having an appendico-vesicocolonic fistula combined with an appendiceal-colonic fistula.

CONCLUSlON

This case is the first double fistula case involving an appendico-vesicocolonic fistula with an appendiceal-colonic fistula that has been publicly reported in the world, and it is also the first case of an appendico-vesicocolonic fistula treated by laparoscopic surgery. The clinical manifestations of this case varied, including feces in the urine, pneumaturia, complicated urinary tract infection and abdominal discomfort. However, the symptoms of this condition often lack specificity. The sensitivity and specificity of different examination methods vary greatly, and the combined application of multiple examinations is often required. The main treatment was the excision of the diseased intestine and bladder. Laparoscopic surgery can be performed by a skilled surgeon with satisfactory results.

There was no specific family history.

Yan H reviewed the literature and contributed to data collection and manuscript drafting; Wu YC and Zuo S were the patient’s surgeons and were responsible for the revision of the manuscript; all other members equally contributed to the medical treatment and manuscript drafting.

Informed written consent was obtained from the patient’ parents for publication of this report and any accompanying images.

38.Married the Princess: Happy fairy tale endings, especially romantic fairy tales, usually require a royal marriage. Note the French salon influence upon Perrault, however. He states a few times in the story that the princess has fallen madly in love with the Marquis and wants the marriage herself. The fairy tales written in the French Salons often explored the circumstances and conditions in marriages, especially deploring arranged marriages.Return to place in story.

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

The authors have read the CARE Checklist (2016), and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the CARE Checklist (2016).

The journey had also tired Kaela; but she was always fatigued,that was the worst of it. So they sent for Sophy, and she was takeninto the house to reside with them, and her presence there was a greatadvantage. Mamma-in-law acknowledged that Sophy was not only aclever housewife, but well-informed and accomplished38, though thatcould hardly be expected in a person of her limited means. She wasalso a generous-hearted, faithful girl; she showed that thoroughlywhile Kaela lay sick, fading away. When the casket is everything,the casket should be strong, or else all is over. And all was overwith the casket, for Kaela died.

When fairy tales came into being princes and princesses were as rare as they are today, and fairy tales simply abound45 with them. Every child at some time wishes that he were a prince or a princess--and at times, in his unconscious, the child believes he is one, only temporarily degraded by circumstances. There are so many kings and queens in fairy tales because their rank signifies absolute power, such as the parent seems to hold over his child. So the fairy-tale royalty46 represent projections47 of the child s imagination (Bettelheim 1975).Return to place in story.

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China

Han Yan 0000-0003-1341-3667; Ying-Chao Wu 0000-0002-1831-1056; Xin Wang 0000-0002-0381-5497; Yu-Cun Liu 0000-0002-6158-755X; Shuai Zuo 0000-0003-2187-1246; Peng-Yuan Wang 0000-0003-3884-0227.

Chen YL

A

Chen YL