猩猩的招呼語

山東 孫啟祿

1Just like people, chimpanzees (黑 猩 猩)and bonobos(倭黑猩猩)aren't ones leaving with?out saying goodbye. Apes purposefully use sig?nals to begin and end social interactions—behav?iors not typically seen outside of humans until now, according to a new study published in the journaliScience.

2Researchers studied more than 1,200 interactions with groups of chimpanzees and bonobos in zoos and found that they commonly exchanged stares or gestures to share their intentions of social interactions. Those gestures included touching each other, holding hands and even butting(用頭頂撞)heads.

3Bonobos exchanged“hello”signals before playing 90% of the time and chimps 69%of the time,according to the study,and goodbyes were even more common.

4Scientists said the apes' ability to signal hellos and goodbyes shows something much bigger than politeness.It shows that chimpanzees and bonobos can communicate a common sense of duty towards each other.

5Unlike previous studies, the researchers pointed out that joint commitments are not only based on a feeling of duty, but also based on the process of commonly setting up the agreement and agreeing that it's been carried out.That's why Heesen,the study's lead author, said it's important that apes communicate with each other when they in?tend to begin and end interactions.Heesen added that more research is needed to find out if other species also communicate at the end of social interactions.

6Clare Redfern, a senior bonobo keeper at the UK's Twycross Zoo who was not in?volved in the study, said scientists and zookeepers have long known that apes greet each other,but new research is enhancing（提升）their understanding of the animals'behaviors.

7“From the first sighting of these animals in the wild, it has been obvious that these species greet each other. However, now that more studying about the species is taking place,more subtle (不易察覺的)behaviors have been picked up by researchers,”Redfern said.

一、閱讀自測

1.What do we know about apes from the study?

A.They usually warn their partners in the face of danger.

B.They can make some social interactions on purpose.

C.They can communicate with other apes using special sounds.

D.They often leave their partners without saying goodbye.

2.What is the second paragraph mainly about?

A.Why apes behave so strangely.

B.What different gestures mean.

C.Why apes touch each other.

D.How apes communicate with each other.

3.Why more research are needed according to Heesen?

A.To better communicate with apes.

B.To fully understand apes'behaviors.

C.To discover if other species behave the same.

D.To show the importance of social interactions.

4.What is Clare Redfern's attitude towards the study?

A.Positive.

B.Doubtful.

C.Negative.

D.Unconcerned.

二、語篇解碼

本文是一篇新聞報(bào)道。一些研究人員對黑猩猩的交流方式進(jìn)行了研究，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)黑猩猩也會像人類一樣相互問候。

三、語言學(xué)習(xí)

（一）語料薈萃

語篇單詞signal n.信號；暗號 interaction n.相互作用；互動behavior n.行為 publish vt.出版；發(fā)行exchange vt.交換 gesture n.手勢share vt.分享 intention n.打算；意圖common adj.常見的 ability n.能力communicate vi.交流 previous adj.以前的commitment n.承諾；允諾承擔(dān) agreement n.同意involve vt.參與；涉及 enhance vt.提高；增強(qiáng)obvious adj.明顯的重要短語more than 超過；多于 social interactions 社會交往each other 相互 a sense of duty 責(zé)任感point out 指出 not only...but also 不僅……，而且……be based on 基于…… carry out 執(zhí)行communicate with 與……交流 find out 查明be involved in 參與 take place 發(fā)生；舉行pick up 獲得；撿起

（二）語句分析

1.Unlike previous studies,the researchers pointed out that joint commitments are not only based on a feeling of duty, but also based on the process of commonly setting up the agreement and agreeing that it's been carried out.與以往的研究不同的是，研究人員指出，共同承諾不僅建立在責(zé)任感的基礎(chǔ)上，而且建立在共同建立協(xié)議并同意它被執(zhí)行的過程中。

【點(diǎn)石成金】本句中的兩個(gè)that 引導(dǎo)的均為賓語從句，not only...but also...意為“不僅……而且……”。

2. That's why Heesen, the study's lead author, said it's important that apes communi?cate with each other when they intend to begin and end interactions.這就是為什么這項(xiàng)研究的主要作者Heesen說，當(dāng)類人猿打算開始和結(jié)束互動時(shí)，彼此交流是很重要的。

【點(diǎn)石成金】該句中，why引導(dǎo)的是表語從句，在it's important that...中，it是形式主語，that從句是真正的主語，when引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語從句。

四、語言運(yùn)用

（一）例句仿寫

1.我們不僅欣賞到了美麗的風(fēng)景，而且還結(jié)交了很多新朋友。

We ___________the beautiful scenery, ___________a lot of new friends.

2.長江沿岸的風(fēng)景美不勝收，這就是為什么我認(rèn)為長江之行是更好的選擇。

The scenery along the Yangtze River is amazing, and ___________the trip along the river will be a better choice.

（二）寫作實(shí)踐

假定你是李華，你班外教Smith先生即將回國。為感謝他在過去一年中在英語學(xué)習(xí)方面所給予的幫助，請你代表班級寫一封郵件，內(nèi)容包括：

1.表示道別；

2.感謝幫助；

3.表達(dá)祝愿。

注意：

1.詞數(shù)80左右；

2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。

Dear Mr Smith,

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Yours,

Li Hua