梁曉琳?甘照宇
【摘要】經前期綜合征和雙相障礙都是常見的精神障礙,兩者在臨床癥狀、病程等方面有相似之處,而且常常同時發生,嚴重影響患者的社會功能。目前國內關于經前期綜合征與雙相障礙共病的研究較少,該文就兩者共病的流行病學、可能的共病機制、診斷要點以及治療方面進行綜述。
【關鍵詞】經前期綜合征;雙相障礙;共病
Comorbidity of premenstrual syndrome and bipolar disorder Liang Xiaolin, Gan Zhaoyu. Department of Psychiatry, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
【Abstract】Both premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and bipolar disorder are common mental disorders. They have similarities in clinical symptoms and course of disease, and often occur simultaneously, which seriously affect the social function of patients. At present, few studies on PMS and bipolar disorder comorbidity have been conducted in China. In this article, the epidemiological data, possible comorbidity mechanism, diagnosis and treatment of PMS and bipolar disorder were reviewed.
【Key words】Premenstrual syndrome; Bipolar disorder; Comorbidity
經前期綜合征(PMS)主要表現為經期前反復出現情緒不穩定、易怒、煩躁和焦慮等癥狀,同時可能伴有行為和軀體癥狀,這些癥狀在經期時或經期后不久可自行緩解。經前期煩躁障礙(PMDD)是PMS中較為嚴重的一種類型。目前美國《精神障礙診斷與診斷統計手冊(第五版)》(DSM-5)僅對PMDD的診斷標準進行了說明,并將其劃分為抑郁癥的亞型之一。在育齡女性中,PMDD的患病率為2.1%~15%,而PMS的患病率可高達10.3%~21.1%[1-3]。雙相障礙(BD)是既有抑郁發作又有躁狂或輕躁狂發作的一類心境障礙,根據臨床表現不同,可分為3個亞型:BD-Ⅰ、BD-Ⅱ和環性心境[1]。根據我國最新的流行病學調查顯示,BD的終生患病率約為0.5%[4]。BD與PMS共病在臨床上非常常見,但其內在的聯系以及共病機制目前尚未明確,相應的研究也不多。有鑒于此,本文就BD與PMS共病的流行病學、可能的發病機制、臨床表現、診斷以及治療等方面的研究進展進行總結介紹。
一、BD與PMS的關系
BD與PMS均具有循環性的病程特征、均表現為不典型抑郁的癥狀如貪睡、貪吃、嗜碳水化合物、灌鉛樣麻痹等,提示兩者之間可能存在某種病理生理上的聯系。從流行病學的資料看,一方面,罹患PMDD會增加BD的患病風險,一項針對社區人群的大樣本研究顯示,在閾下PMDD中,3.8%共病BD-Ⅰ、0.3%共病BD-Ⅱ;而在PMDD患者中,BD-Ⅰ和BD-Ⅱ的共病率分別為5.7%和4.9%,明顯高于未罹患PMDD者的0.8%和0.6%[5]。另一方面,罹患BD,也會增加PMDD的患病風險。根據最近的一篇綜述發現,分別有25%~77%和15%~27%的BD患者共病PMS和PMDD[6]。其中,BD-Ⅱ患者共病PMDD的概率最高,達到22.6%,而在BD-Ⅰ和對照組中,該數值分別為6.7%和1.6%[7]。
二、BD與PMS共病機制
PMS的發生與性激素周期性波動有關。雌、孕激素急劇改變的時期,如青春期、經前期、產褥期以及更年期也正是BD高發的時期。PMS與BD這種類似的時間周期模式,似乎提示它們之間存在共有的病理生理學機制。然而,這樣的觀點近年來卻遭受越來越多的質疑。事實上,兩者的共病機制,迄今為止尚不是十分明確[8]。目前,關于PMS與BD共病機制比較廣泛的共識是,PMS與BD的發病,并不是因為體內性激素的異常,而是因為對月經周期內性激素以及其代謝物正常波動的敏感性異常而觸發[9-11]。性激素的周期性波動調節個體對壓力的敏感性,而對壓力的敏感性會進一步影響個體的情緒調節[8, 12]。
性激素包括雌二醇(E2)和孕激素(P4)以及其他神經類固醇如孕酮衍生物別孕酮(ALLO),可能分別在神經遞質的合成與代謝、受體合成以及突觸可塑性等不同水平上作用于情緒調節的相關腦區包括邊緣系統以及前額腦區,它們的周期性功能障礙導致這些腦區的活動發生變化,從而引起情緒和行為的周期性變化[13-15]。盡管上述激素介導的情緒調節機制尚未完全被揭示,但已有的研究顯示,性激素可能通過影響腦內的各種單胺類神經遞質的合成、代謝以及受體敏感性等,繼而影響到個體的情緒調節。
E2通過促進谷氨酸釋放、抑制抑制性神經遞質γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)的傳遞、增加多巴胺合成并降低其降解以增加神經細胞的興奮性,上調多巴胺能獎賞系統[16-18]。此外,E2促進邊緣系統血清素的合成和利用,并通過增加去甲腎上腺素合成和利用率來調節去甲腎上腺素能系統[19]。雌激素還可以通過調節5-羥色胺(5-HT)受體的mRNA表達水平進而增加5-HT的敏感性[20]。對使用雌激素治療的女性進行正電子發射斷層顯像(PET)分析發現,雌激素治療后PMDD患者多個腦區的5-HT2A受體密度顯著增加[21-22]。
P4及其代謝物ALLO能抑制谷氨酸的釋放。ALLO抑制多巴胺誘導的谷氨酸能在前額葉皮層釋放,從而降低神經元的興奮性。ALLO的一個重要作用是增加GABA能突觸的效能。GABAA受體正向調節劑如ALLO通常具有鎮靜、抗焦慮和抗癲癇作用[23-24]。相反,眶額以及前額葉皮質GABA濃度在重性抑郁、產后抑郁以及絕經后抑郁患者中明顯降低[25]。PMDD患者,ALLO對GABAA受體的增強效應次優敏感,加上在經前期,體內ALLO濃度下降,引起月經前癥狀,并且由于對下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸(HPA軸)的GABA控制較差,因此增加了主觀和生理應激敏感性[26]。另一種理論認為,由于GABAA受體對ALLO的敏感性增加,黃體期的ALLO水平——在某種矛盾反應的意義上——會引發PMDD患者的月經前負性情緒[25]。
三、BD與PMS共病的臨床特征
BD患者和PMS患者都會出現周期性的情緒改變,如:煩躁、易怒、焦慮、心境低落等,情緒控制能力降低,并可伴有頭痛、胸悶、睡眠障礙等一系列軀體癥狀。但與未共病PMDD的BD患者相比,共病PMDD的BD患者具有以下特點:BD的發病年齡更早,病程更長;緩解期更短,更容易復發;快速循環的機會更高,既往1年躁狂或輕躁狂發作次數以及終身或過去1年內的抑郁發作次數更多;共病驚恐障礙、廣泛性焦慮、創傷后應激障礙、貪食癥、物質濫用以及成年注意缺陷癥的機會更高;月經初潮時間更早,BD的發病年齡與月經初潮之間的距離更近;在圍生期以及口服避孕藥期間會有更嚴重的情緒癥狀[27-29]。有研究顯示,與單純的PMDD以及健康對照比較,共病PMDD的BD患者在黃體期抑郁癥狀更嚴重、主觀睡眠質量更差、特質焦慮水平更高,主觀的節律紊亂更明顯,提示共病PMDD的BD 患者的癥狀負荷更重[30]。
四、BD與PMS共病的診斷與評估
PMS常用的篩查工具主要有問題嚴重程度每日記錄表(DRSP)和經前期綜合征篩查工具(PSST)。DRSP為前瞻性自評量表,包含14個條目,采用6級評分,分值越高表示癥狀越嚴重或對社會功能影響越大[31]。PSST為回顧性自評量表,由Steiner等[32]根據DSM-Ⅳ診斷標準編制。侯璐璐等[33]對該量表進行了翻譯和修訂,經檢驗,PSST中文版具備良好的信度與效度,可作為國內PMS的篩查工具。DRSP和PSST各有優缺點,DRSP要求受試者連續2個月經周期每日填寫問卷,工作量較大,容易失訪;PSST靈敏度高,但特異性較差。對于同一群體,若使用DRSP進行篩查,PMS和PMDD的患病率分別為74.8%和3.9%;若使用PSST進行篩查,PMS和PMDD的患病率則分別為79%和33.3%[34]。
雖然有研究者認為,PSST可以有效地篩查出同時患有PMS和其他精神疾病的患者,但在臨床上,BD共病PMS很難與BD在經前期癥狀惡化(PME of BD)相鑒別[24]。因此,對于可疑共病PMS的BD患者,可先使用心境穩定劑等控制癥狀,等BD的病情穩定后,再運用PMS篩查工具對患者進行至少2個月經周期的評估,最后判斷是否共病PMS[32]。此外,由于DRSP無法對BD患者的抑郁和躁狂癥狀進行同步評估,因此近期有學者開發了麥克馬斯特經前期和情緒癥狀量表(MAC-PMSS),旨在對BD共病PMS患者的抑郁和躁狂癥狀、經期前癥狀以及月經出血情況進行前瞻性的同步評估[35]。
五、BD與PMS共病治療
BD共病PMS的治療,首先是基于BD的臨床特征,選擇合適的心境穩定劑包括非典型抗精神病藥、抗驚厥藥以及鋰鹽等積極控制患者的情緒癥狀。在這個過程中,盡可能選擇既可能對患者的BD癥狀也可能對患者的經期前癥狀具有治療作用的藥物。例如,有研究顯示,拉莫三嗪對于患有PMDD的BD患者有積極療效,而且有助于減少BD患者月經周期的情緒波動,與激素類避孕藥聯合使用能改善BD患者的情緒[36]。此外,作為治療BD的一線藥物,喹硫平被發現對5-HT再攝取抑制劑(SSRI)不應答的PMDD患者有效[37]。相反,某些治療BD的藥物有可能引起性激素水平改變而加劇PMDD的癥狀,故在治療BD共病PMDD時,需慎用。如Rasgon等[38]對比了不同心境穩定劑對女性性激素水平的影響,結果發現,與鋰鹽和其他非典型抗精神病藥物相比,丙戊酸鈉明顯升高了患者的雄激素水平,因此加重了患者的PMS癥狀。
對于BD共病PMS患者,待患者的抑郁和躁狂癥狀被控制之后,可酌情選擇專門針對經前期癥狀的藥物進行干預。其中可供選擇的藥物種類包括:①SSRI,SSRI被認為是治療PMDD的一線藥物,使用的時機包括全月經周期、半月經周期以及僅限于有癥狀的黃體期。鑒于SSRI在BD中使用有可能增加轉躁的風險,故有學者建議,對于BD共病PMDD患者,SSRI僅在有癥狀的黃體期內使用,而且其治療效果與全月經周期使用相當[39]。②激素,最常用的就是口服避孕藥。Jarosz 等[40]發現,使用口服激素類避孕藥可減少痙攣、笨拙、意識混亂和想獨處等癥狀,但對于焦慮、腹脹、情緒波動等癥狀的治療效果差強人意。③激素調劑劑,包括度他雄胺(5-α還原酶抑制劑,抑制孕激素代謝為ALLO)、烏利司他(黃體酮受體調節劑)、塞普諾龍(Sepranolone,GABAA受體調節類固醇拮抗劑)均有助于緩解經前期的抑郁與焦慮癥狀[41-44]。除了藥物治療以外,心理治療如基于互聯網的認知行為治療(iCBT)被發現對改善PMDD的癥狀也有幫助[45]。
六、結語
BD與PMS共病在臨床上常見,雌、孕激素與單胺類神經遞質之間的相互作用可能是兩者共病的內在生物學機制,也是目前治療BD與PMS共病的主要理論依據。PMS的臨床表現具有種族差異。然而,目前關于中國人群PMS的研究較少,關于BD與PMS的研究更處于空白,因此,有必要進一步加強此方面的研究。
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(收稿日期:2022-04-22)
(本文編輯:洪悅民)