


【摘要】 背景 巨大兒不僅會對孕婦及新生兒造成一定危害,也會影響子代遠期代謝健康。母親體質量狀態與妊娠結局密切相關,超重肥胖者多伴有血脂異常,妊娠期血脂異常升高會影響宮內環境和新生兒出生體質量。目的 分析不同妊娠前BMI孕婦妊娠期血脂水平與巨大兒之間的關系。方法 本研究為單中心回顧性研究,納入2018年1月—2019年6月在首都醫科大學附屬北京婦產醫院產科建檔至分娩并符合納排標準的單胎孕婦5 287例,根據妊娠前BMI將孕婦分為低體質量、正常體質量和超重肥胖孕婦,根據新生兒出生體質量將低體質量孕婦分為低體質量孕婦非巨大兒組(A組,n=731)和低體質量孕婦巨大兒組(B組,n=27),正常體質量孕婦分為正常體質量孕婦非巨大兒組(C組,n=3 539)和正常體質量孕婦巨大兒組(D組,n=243),超重肥胖孕婦分為超重肥胖孕婦非巨大兒組(E組,n=675)和超重肥胖孕婦巨大兒組(F組,n=72)。收集孕婦相關臨床及實驗室數據進行統計學分析。采用二元Logistic回歸分析探究不同妊娠前BMI孕婦妊娠期血脂水平與巨大兒之間的關系。結果 B組孕婦妊娠晚期高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)低于A組(Plt;0.05);D組孕婦妊娠早期總膽固醇(TC)及孕晚期三酰甘油(TG)高于C組(Plt;0.05),妊娠中、晚期HDL-C低于C組(Plt;0.05)。F組妊娠早、中、晚期TG均高于E組(Plt;0.05),妊娠中、晚期HDL-C低于E組(Plt;0.05)。二元Logistic回歸分析結果示,妊娠晚期HDL-C〔OR=0.256,95%CI(0.075,0.871)〕是妊娠前低體質量孕婦娩出巨大兒的影響因素(Plt;0.05)。孕中期和晚期HDL-C〔OR=0.661,95%CI(0.450,0.971);OR=0.406,95%CI(0.271,0.610)〕是妊娠前正常體質量孕婦娩出巨大兒的影響因素(Plt;0.05)。妊娠早、中、晚期TG〔OR=1.546,95%CI(1.070,2.234);OR=1.399,95%CI(1.019,1.758);OR=1.289,95%CI(1.072,1.550)〕是妊娠前超重肥胖孕婦娩出巨大兒的影響因素(Plt;0.05)。結論 妊娠前低體質量及正常體質量孕婦妊娠期低HDL-C水平與巨大兒相關,而超重肥胖孕婦妊娠期TG水平升高與巨大兒相關。產檢時對于胎兒偏大或預測巨大兒高風險的孕婦,需要加強血脂檢測及控制。
【關鍵詞】 人體質量指數;妊娠;孕婦;血脂,巨大胎兒;妊娠并發癥;影響因素分析
【中圖分類號】 R 33 【文獻標識碼】 A DOI:10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0097
【引用本文】 袁仙仙,王佳,張可欣,等. 妊娠前不同體質指數孕婦妊娠期血脂水平與巨大兒的關系研究[J]. 中國全科醫學,2023,26(24):2973-2979. DOI:10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0097.[www.chinagp.net]
【Abstract】 Background Macrosomia is not only harmful to the pregnant women and newborns,but also to the long-term metabolic health of the offspring. Maternal body mass is closely associated with pregnancy outcomes,overweight and obese pregnant women are often associated with dyslipidemia,while elevated blood lipid levels during pregnancy can affect the intrauterine environment and neonatal birth weight has not been investigated. Objective To analyze the association between blood lipid levels and macrosomia in pregnant women with different pre-pregnancy(BMI). Methods A total of 5 287 singleton pregnant women who were registered at department of obstetrics of Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital,Capital Medical University until delivery from January 2018 to June 2019 and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the single-center retrospective study,and divided into low-body-mass pregnant women with a non-macrosomia group (group A,n=731) and with a macrosomia group(group B,n=27),normal-body-mass pregnant women with a non-macrosomia group(group C,n=3 539) and with a macrosomia group (group D,n=243),overweight and obese pregnant women with a non-macrosomia group(group E,n=675) and with a macrosomia group(group F,n=72) according to maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and neonatal birth weight. Relevant clinical and laboratory data of pregnant women were collected for statistical analysis. Binary Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the association between blood lipid levels and macrosomia in pregnant women with different pre-pregnancy BMI. Results The level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C) in the third trimester of pregnancy in group B was lower than group A(Plt;0.05). The levels of total cholesterol(TC) in the first trimester and triglyceride(TG) in the third trimester in group D were higher than group C(Plt;0.05),while the levels of HDL-C in the second and third trimesters were lower than group C(Plt;0.05). The TG levels in the first,second and third trimesters of pregnancy in group F were higher than group E(Plt;0.05),while HDL-C levels in the second and third trimesters were lower than group E(Plt;0.05). Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that HDL-C level in the third trimester〔OR=0.256,95%CI(0.075,0.871)〕 was the influencing factor of macrosomia in low body mass pre-pregnancy women(Plt;0.05). HDL-C levels in the second and third trimesters〔OR=0.661,95%CI(0.450,0.971);OR=0.406,95%CI(0.271,0.610)〕 were the influencing factors of macrosomia in normal body mass pre-pregnancy women(Plt;0.05). TG levels in the first,second and third trimesters〔OR=1.546,95%CI(1.070,2.234);OR=1.399,95%CI(1.019,1.758);OR=1.289,95%CI(1.072,1.550)〕 were the influencing factors of macrosomia in overweight and obese pre-pregnancy women(Plt;0.05). Conclusion For pre-pregnancy women with low and normal body mass,low HDL-C level during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk for macrosomia,while for overweight and obese pre-pregnancy women,high TG level during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of macrosomia. For pregnant women with large fetuses or high risk of macrosomia during maternal examination,it is necessary to emphasize the detection and control of blood lipid levels.
【Key words】 Body mass index;Pregnancy;Pregnant women;Blood lipids;Fetal macrosomia;Pregnancy complications;Root cause analysis
巨大兒指不考慮胎齡因素,胎兒出生體質量(birth weight,BW)絕對值gt;4 000 g或4 500 g[1]。我國對于巨大兒的定義是任何孕周胎兒BWgt;4 000 g。全球范圍內巨大兒的發生率約為9%,但不同國家之間差異很大[2]。我國巨大兒發病率為7.3%,北方地區巨大兒的發病率(8.5%)顯著高于南方地區(5.6%)[3]。巨大兒對孕婦及新生兒均會造成一定的危害,對孕婦來說,可導致產程延長或產程停滯,增加剖宮產、產后出血及軟產道裂傷的發生率等[4-6]。對新生兒來說,增加肩難產、死胎、低血糖、呼吸系統疾病的風險,兒童期及以后患肥胖、糖耐量異常、代謝綜合征等疾病的風險亦顯著增加[7-9]。母親體質量狀態與妊娠結局密切相關[10-12],研究顯示母親肥胖和妊娠期增重過多對巨大兒發生率的影響已超過糖尿病[13-14]。超重肥胖者多伴有血脂異常,以三酰甘油(triglyceride,TG)水平升高伴高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)水平降低為特征[15],不同狀態的孕婦妊娠期血脂水平也存在明顯差異[16-17]。母體脂質代謝的改變是妊娠期正常生理反應,循環脂質的逐漸增加對胎兒生長發育至關重要,但妊娠期血脂異常升高會影響宮內環境和胎兒結局[18]。因此,本研究擬通過單中心回顧性研究,分析不同妊娠前BMI孕婦妊娠期血脂水平與巨大兒的關系。
1 對象與方法
1.1 研究對象 納入2018年1月—2019年6月在首都醫科大學附屬北京婦產醫院產科建檔并定期產前檢查至分娩的單胎孕婦5 287例。納入標準:年齡18~45歲,單胎妊娠,有妊娠前身高、體質量數據及妊娠期血脂數據;排除標準:合并妊娠期高血糖、妊娠期高血壓疾病、甲狀腺疾病;合并胎兒單臍動脈等可能影響胎兒生長發育的疾病;低BW兒( BWlt;2 500 g)。本研究經首都醫科大學附屬北京婦產醫院倫理委員會批準(2018-ky-009-01)。
1.2 分組 先根據妊娠前BMI將孕婦分為低體質量(BMIlt;18.5 kg/m2)、正常體質量(18.5~lt;24.0 kg/m2)和超重肥胖孕婦(BMI≥24.0 kg/m2)[19],再根據新生兒BW〔新生兒BW 2 500~4 000 g為非巨大兒,新生兒BWgt;4 000 g為巨大兒〕分別將低體質量孕婦分為低體質量孕婦非巨大兒組(A組,n=731)和低體質量孕婦巨大兒組(B組,n=27),正常體質量孕婦分為正常體質量孕婦非巨大兒組(C組,n=3 539)和正常體質量孕婦巨大兒組(D組,n=243),超重肥胖孕婦分為超重肥胖孕婦非巨大兒組(E組,n=675)和超重肥胖孕婦巨大兒組(F組,n=72)。
1.3 研究方法 本研究為單中心回顧性研究,收集孕婦臨床資料、妊娠期血脂及新生兒出生資料(新生兒BW、新生兒性別),分析不同妊娠前BMI孕婦妊娠期血脂水平與巨大兒之間的關系。
1.3.1 資料收集 收集孕婦的年齡、末次月經時間、孕產次、授孕方式、既往史〔包括糖尿病、高血壓、多囊卵巢綜合征(polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)、甲狀腺疾病等〕、妊娠期合并癥及并發癥(包括妊娠期糖尿病、妊娠期高血壓疾病、妊娠期急性脂肪肝等);體格檢查資料包括身高、妊娠前體質量,以妊娠前體質量(kg)/身高(m2)計算妊娠前BMI;輔助檢查資料包括妊娠早(5~14周)、中(24~28周)、晚(32~34周)三期血脂,妊娠早期及晚期空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FBG),妊娠中期檢測口服葡萄糖耐量試驗(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)結果。
1.3.2 血脂、血糖檢測 孕婦分別于妊娠早、中、晚期檢測血脂水平,禁食8 h以上次日晨起采集空腹靜脈血,應用全自動生化分析儀ARCHITECT ci16200(Abbott Park,IL,USA)檢測總膽固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、TG、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)和HDL-C水平。
孕婦分別于妊娠早、晚期檢測FBG水平,禁食8 h
以上次日晨起采集空腹靜脈血,應用全自動生化分析儀ARCHITECT ci16200(Abbott Park,IL,USA)檢測FBG。妊娠中期行75 g OGTT檢查,分別于0 h及服糖后1 h、2 h采血,葡萄糖氧化酶法測血漿葡萄糖,血糖閾值分別為5.1、10.0、8.5 mmol/L,任何一個時間點血糖值≥上述標準即診斷為妊娠期糖尿病;同時計算OGTT曲線下面積。
1.4 統計學方法 應用SPSS 25.0統計軟件進行統計學分析,符合正態分布的計量資料以(x-±s)表示,組間比較采用獨立樣本t檢驗;非正態分布的計量資料以M(P25,P75)表示,組間比較采用非參數檢驗;計數資料以相對數表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗。將單因素分析中差異有統計學意義的血脂指標(TG、LDL-C、HDL-C)納入二元Logistics回歸分析,分析妊娠前不同BMI孕婦妊娠期血脂水平與巨大兒之間的關系。以Plt;0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 A組與B組基本資料及血脂水平的比較 研究共納入低體質量孕婦758例,其中A組731例、B組27例。如表1所示,A組和B組孕婦年齡、妊娠前BMI、經產婦比例、體外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)比例、PCOS比例、剖宮產率、新生兒性別比例、妊娠早期FBG、OGTT結果(0 h血糖、0 h血糖、2 h血糖、曲線下面積)、妊娠晚期FBG及妊娠早、中期TC、TG及LDL-C,妊娠早、中期HDL-C比較,差異無統計學意義(Pgt;0.05);B組孕婦妊娠期增重、分娩孕周及新生兒BW高于A組,妊娠晚期HDL-C低于A組,差異有統計學意義(Plt;0.05)。
2.2 C組與D組基本資料及血脂水平的比較 研究共納入正常體質量孕婦3 782例,其中C組3 539例、D組243例。如表2所示,C組和D組孕婦經產婦比例、IVF-ET比例及PCOS比例、OGTT 2 h 血糖,妊娠早期TG、HDL-C,妊娠中期TC、TG,妊娠晚期TC及妊娠早、中、晚期LDL-C比較,差異無統計學意義(Pgt;0.05)。D組孕婦年齡、妊娠前BMI、妊娠期增重、分娩孕周、剖宮產率及新生兒BW、男性新生兒比例、妊娠早期FBG、OGTT血糖(包括0 h、1 h血糖及曲線下面積)、妊娠晚期FBG、妊娠早期TC、妊娠晚期TG水平高于C組,D組孕婦妊娠中、晚期HDL-C水平低于C組,差異有統計學意義(Plt;0.05)。
2.3 E組與F組基本資料及血脂水平的比較 研究共納入超重肥胖孕婦747例,其中E組675例、F組72例。如表3所示,兩組孕婦年齡、妊娠前BMI、妊娠期增重、經產婦比例、PCOS比例、妊娠早期FBG、OGTT 2 h血糖及妊娠早期TC、HDL-C,妊娠中、晚期TC、LDL-C比較,差異無統計學意義(Pgt;0.05)。F組孕婦IVF-ET比例、分娩孕周、剖宮產率及新生兒BW、男性新生兒比例、OGTT血糖(包括0 h、1 h血糖及曲線下面積)、妊娠晚期FBG及妊娠早、中、晚期TG均高于E組,孕中、晚期HDL-C低于E組,差異有統計學意義(Plt;0.05)。
2.4 妊娠期血脂水平與巨大兒關系的二元Logistic回歸分析 根據單因素分析結果,以巨大兒為因變量(賦值:是=1,否=0),以TG、HDL-C和LDL-C為自變量(賦值為實測值),進行二元Logistic回歸分析,結果顯示,妊娠晚期HDL-C是妊娠前低體質量孕婦娩出巨大兒的影響因素〔OR=0.196,95%CI(0.060,0.645),P=0.007〕,校正分娩孕周、新生兒性別、孕婦年齡、妊娠前BMI、妊娠期增重及FBG之后,相關性仍然存在〔OR=0.256,95%CI(0.075,0.871),P=0.029〕,見表4。
妊娠中期和晚期HDL-C是妊娠前正常體質量孕婦娩出巨大兒的影響因素〔OR=0.598,95%CI(0.412,0.869);OR=0.355,95%CI(0.239,0.527)〕(Plt;0.05),校正分娩孕周、新生兒性別、孕婦年齡、妊娠前BMI、妊娠期增重及FBG之后,相關性仍然存在〔OR=0.661,95%CI(0.450,0.971);OR=0.406,95%CI(0.271,0.610);Plt;0.05〕,見表4。
妊娠早、中、晚期TG是妊娠前超重肥胖孕婦娩出巨大兒的影響因素〔OR=1.501,95%CI(1.044,2.160);OR=1.355,95%CI(1.052,1.745);OR=1.260,95%CI(1.065,1.490)〕(Plt;0.05),校正分娩孕周、新生兒性別、孕婦年齡、妊娠前BMI、妊娠期增重及FBG之后,相關性仍然存在〔OR=1.546,95%CI(1.070,2.234);OR=1.399,95%CI(1.019,1.758);OR=1.289,95%CI(1.072,1.550);Plt;0.05〕,見表4。
3 討論
不同體質量狀態的孕婦妊娠期血脂水平存在明顯差異[16-17],超重肥胖者多伴有TG水平升高和/或HDL-C水平降低[15],母體妊娠期脂質代謝對胎兒生長發育至關重要。目前國內外已有多項有關妊娠期血脂水平與巨大兒、大于胎齡兒(large for gestational age,LGA)或新生兒BW之間關系的研究,但未對孕婦體質量進行分層分析[18,20-23]。孔令英等[22]將北京市15家醫院2013年6月—2014年11月分娩的27 152例孕婦作為研究對象,分析妊娠期血脂水平與妊娠期糖尿病巨大兒的關系,結果發現巨大兒組孕婦妊娠早、中、晚期TG均高于正常體質量組,而HDL-C低于正常體質量組。國內另有學者研究妊娠中期母體血脂水平對巨大兒的預測價值,結果發現妊娠20周時母體低HDL-C是巨大兒的獨立危險因素〔OR=1.67,95%CI(1.06,2.64),P=0.026)〕[23]。妊娠期高血糖是巨大兒的重要危險因素,但有研究發現在血糖控制良好的糖尿病孕婦中,母體妊娠期血脂水平是胎兒大小的強預測指標,這可能解釋了為何即使嚴格控制血糖,糖尿病孕婦巨大兒或LGA的發生率仍然很高[24-27]。在糖耐量正常的孕婦中,妊娠期血脂水平也與BW及巨大兒的風險相關[28-29],有研究顯示無糖尿病的孕婦妊娠晚期TG每升高1 mmol/L,巨大兒風險增加27%,HDL-C每升高1 mmol/L巨大兒風險降低37%,高TG同時伴有低HDL-C的孕婦巨大兒風險高于單純高TG或低HDL-C孕婦[29]。一項納入46項研究包括31 402例孕婦在內的Meta分析結果顯示,孕婦在整個妊娠期間高TG和低HDL-C水平與BW增加、LGA風險增加以及小于胎齡兒(small for gestational age,SGA)風險降低有關,在妊娠前超重或肥胖的女性中關聯性更強[30]。
超重肥胖者多伴有血脂異常,以TG水平升高伴HDL-C水平降低為特征[15],不同體質量狀態的孕婦妊娠期血脂水平也存在顯著差異[16-17]。本研究根據孕婦妊娠前BMI進行分組,在不同BMI等級中分析妊娠期血脂與巨大兒之間的關系,結果顯示娩出巨大兒與非巨大兒的不同BMI孕婦妊娠期血脂水平均有所差異,二元Logistic回歸分析結果示,低體質量及正常體質量孕婦妊娠期低HDL-C水平與巨大兒相關,而超重肥胖孕婦妊娠期TG水平升高與巨大兒相關。有學者對超重肥胖與巨大兒的關系進行中介分析,結果發現超重對巨大兒的總影響為0.006〔95%CI(0.001,0.010)〕,其中直接影響為0.005〔95%CI(0.001,0.009)〕,間接影響為0.001〔95%CI(0,0.001)〕,估計由高TG水平介導的比例為11.1%;此外,肥胖對巨大兒的總影響為0.026〔95%CI(0.018,0.036)〕,其中直接影響為0.025〔95%CI(0.017,0.036)〕,間接影響為0.001〔95%CI(0,0.001)〕,估計由高TG水平介導的比例為3.8% [31]。但也有研究發現,在非超重肥胖孕婦中,LGA風險與妊娠早期TG水平呈正相關(OR=1.740,P=0.034),而在超重肥胖孕婦中,LGA風險與妊娠早期TG水平無相關性(OR=1.410,P=0193)[32]。另一項納入了143例單胎孕婦的前瞻性隊列研究,將孕婦根據妊娠前BMI分為正常體質量組(BMI≤25.0 kg/m2)和超重肥胖組(BMIgt;25.0 kg/m2)進行分層分析,結果顯示超重肥胖孕婦妊娠期HDL-C與BW呈負相關,而在正常體質量孕婦無相關性[33]。
脂蛋白脂酶介導母體TG脂解生成的非酯化脂肪酸直接通過脂肪酸轉運蛋白或脂肪酸轉位酶CD36進入胎盤,胰島素可激活合胞滋養層細胞母體側豐富的胰島素受體,通過蛋白激酶B(AKT)信號通路,誘導游離脂肪酸酯化成TG[34]。這些TG儲存在滋養層細胞中,經過水解釋放出的游離脂肪酸被擴散至胎兒血漿,進而為胎兒提供能量[35]。超重肥胖孕婦多合并有胰島素抵抗,母體高胰島素血癥會誘導胎盤儲存大量的TG,TG經胎盤脂蛋白酯酶水解成游離脂肪酸增加,過多的游離脂肪酸轉運給胎兒是母親高TG血癥增加巨大兒風險的部分原因[34-35]。HDL-C在膽固醇轉運和穩態中發揮重要作用,動物實驗證實母體HDL-C參與胎兒代謝及生長[36-37]。在缺乏HDL-C的小鼠模型中發現,為了彌補攝取和運輸給胎兒的膽固醇不足,胎盤甾醇合成率增加,或者胎盤代謝發生改變允許更多的膽固醇被運輸,或者兩者都有[36-37]。這可能部分解釋了低HDL-C與巨大兒的發生相關。
綜上,不同BMI孕婦巨大兒組與非巨大兒組妊娠期血脂水平均有所差異,低體質量及正常體質量孕婦妊娠期HDL-C水平降低與巨大兒相關,而超重肥胖孕婦妊娠期TG水平升高與巨大兒相關。因此,產檢時對于胎兒偏大或預測巨大兒高風險的孕婦,需要加強血脂檢測及控制,不僅要關注高TG還要重視低HDL-C,從而改善不良妊娠結局。但目前尚無統一的妊娠血脂水平的參考標準,有必要開展多中心、大規模的流行病學研究,制定統一的妊娠期血脂異常診斷標準。
作者貢獻:袁仙仙負責研究設計及實施、數據分析及論文撰寫;王佳、張可欣、楊蕊華負責數據整理;鄭薇負責論文修改;李光輝負責研究設計指導及論文修改,對論文整體負責。
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(收稿日期:2023-01-30;修回日期:2023-03-08)
(本文編輯:宋春梅)