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關鍵詞:慢加急性肝功能衰竭;老年人;列線圖;預后
基金項目:四川省衛健委科研課題(20PJ180)
Risk factors for the prognosis of elderly patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure and construction of a nomogram model for risk prediction
ZHANG Shihua1,2,3,BAI Chengzhi2,4,LI Chunyan2,XU Limao3,XU Huaqian2,TANG Shanhong1,2.(1.Department of Gastroenterology,The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University,Luzhou,Sichuan 646000,China;2.Department of Gastroenterology,The General Hospital of Western Theater Command,Chengdu 610083,China;3.Department of Gastroenterology,Pidu District People’s Hospital,Chengdu 611730,China;4.College of Medicine,Southwest Jiaotong University,Chengdu 610031,China)
Corresponding author:TANG Shanhong,tangshanhong@swjtu.edu.cn(ORCID:0000-0001-6652-2942)
Abstract:Objective To investigate the clinical features of elderly patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure(HBV-ACLF)and the risk factors affecting the short-term prognosis of patients.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for 417 patients with HBV-ACLF who were admitted to The General Hospital of Western Theater Command from January 2015 to January 2023,and related clinical data were collected,including general status,routine blood test results,biochemical parameters,and conditions of liver cirrhosis and decompensated events(ascites,hepatic encephalopathy,and their severities).The patients were followed up to observe 90-day survival.According to the age,the patients were divided into elderly group(with 106 patients aged≥60 years)and non-elderly group(with 311 patients agedlt;60 years),and according to the 90-day survival,the elderly group were further divided into survival group with 41 patients and death/transplantation group with 65 patients.The independent-samples t test or the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of quantitative data between two groups,and the chi-square test was used for comparison of qualitative data between two groups.The binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent influencing factors for the risk of death within 90 days in elderly patients with HBV-ACLF,and a nomogram model was constructed for predicting the risk of death.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to investigate the value of the model in predicting the prognosis of HBV-ACLF patients in both the training set and the validation set.Calibration curve and decision curve were plotted for the models constructed in the training set and the validation set,and the model was assessed in terms of the degree of fitness and predicting benefits.Results The elderly patients had a significantly higher 90-day mortality rate than the non-elderly patients(Plt;0.05),and compared with the non-elderly group,the elderly group had significantly higher incidence rate in female individuals,basic incidence rate of liver cirrhosis,incidence rate and grade of hepatic encephalopathy,incidence rate of ascites,and liver fibrosis markers(aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index and fibrosis-4)(all Plt;0.05),as well as significantly lower total cholesterol,high-density lipoprotein,albumin,alpha-fetoprotein,and lymphocytes(all Plt;0.05).As for the elderly patients with HBV-ACLF,there were significant differences between the survival group and the death/transplantation group in total cholesterol,total bilirubin,international normalized ratio(INR),alpha-fetoprotein,platelet,creatinine,serum sodium,monocytes,and the incidence rate and grade of hepatic encephalopathy(all Plt;0.05).In addition,the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that INR(odds ratio[OR]=11.351,95%confidence interval[CI]:1.942—66.362,Plt;0.05),monocyte count(OR=23.636,95%CI:1.388—402.529,Plt;0.05),total bilirubin(OR=1.007,95%CI:1.001—1.013,Plt;0.05),and platelet count(OR=0.968,95%CI:0.945—0.993,Plt;0.05)were independent influencing factors for the 90-day prognosis of elderly patients with HBV-ACLF,and the nomogram model constructed based on these factors had a relatively high predictive value,with an area under the ROC curve of 0.915,a sensitivity of 88.0%,and a specificity of 86.7%.The nomogram model showed relatively high efficiency and degree of fitness in the verification set,and the decision curve suggested that the model had good benefits,with a higher prediction efficiency compared with the commonly used prediction models such as MELD score and COSSH-ACLFⅡscore.Conclusion Elderly HBV-ACLF patients may have a high short-term mortality rate due to the reductions in liver synthesis,reserve function,and regenerative ability and immune dysfunction.INR,monocyte count,total bilirubin,and platelet count have a relatively high value in predicting the risk of death in elderly HBV-ACLF patients,and the nomogram model constructed based on these factors has a relatively high prediction efficiency.
Key words:Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure;Aged;Nomograms;Prognosis
Research funding:The Science Foundations of Health Commission of Sichuan Provincial(20PJ180)
慢加急性肝衰竭(ACLF)是在慢性肝病基礎上出現的急性肝功能惡化,以肝臟和/或肝外器官衰竭和短期高病死率為主要特征的復雜綜合征[1]。HBV感染是我國ACLF患者的主要病因,占所有ACLF患者的80%以上[2]。隨著人口老齡化加重,HBV相關ACLF(HBV-ACLF)的老年患者數量也逐漸增加。老年患者肝臟的體積縮小,肝細胞數量減少,肝臟代謝、免疫功能及再生功能下降,并且易合并其他慢性疾病,故導致老年肝臟疾病有其獨特性。劉磊等[3]發現老年HBV-ACLF患者病情更易進展,病死率更高,故早期識別危險因素,對于降低病死率有重要意義。
目前關于ACLF的預后評分模型較多,包括MELD系列評分、Child-Pugh評分、CLIF-C ACLF評分、AARC評分、COSSH-ACLF評分、COSSH-ACLFⅡ評分等,但以上模型均基于所有ACLF患者而建立,忽略了老年人群的特殊性,故具有一定局限性。列線圖是一種較新穎的模型構建方法,可以將復雜的回歸方程轉變為可視化的圖形,方便對患者進行評估[4]。正是由于列線圖直觀簡便的特點,近年來它已被廣泛運用于多種疾病的風險預測中[5-6]。因此本研究旨在分析老年HBV-ACLF患者的臨床特征,并進一步探究老年HBV-ACLF患者的近期預后危險因素,構建風險預測列線圖模型,為老年HBV-ACLF患者的臨床診療提供參考。
1資料與方法
1.1研究對象選取2015年1月—2023年1月在西部戰區總醫院住院的ACLF患者。入組患者均符合《肝衰竭診治指南(2018年版)》[7]ACLF診斷標準。排除標準:(1)同時感染其他病毒(戊型、甲型、丁型、丙型肝炎病毒或HIV);(2)肝功能衰竭的其他原因(自身免疫性肝病、藥物性肝炎、酒精性肝損傷等其他疾病);(3)入院時疑診或確診肝癌或其他惡性腫瘤;(4)合并心、肺、腎等其他器官系統的嚴重疾病;(5)年齡lt;18或gt;80歲;(6)數據不完整或失訪。所有患者根據病情需要針對性給予保肝、抗病毒、補充白蛋白及血漿、凝血物質、防治并發癥,必要時行人工肝治療。
1.2研究方法通過醫院病歷系統查閱患者資料。收集患者一般情況(年齡、性別等);血常規;生化指標,包括肝功能、腎功能、凝血功能、血脂、甲胎蛋白(AFP)等;通過癥狀、檢驗及影像學了解是否有肝硬化及失代償事件情況(腹水及分級,肝性腦病及分級)。通過電話或就診記錄隨訪患者90天生存情況。根據年齡將患者分為老年組(≥60歲)和非老年組(lt;60歲),老年組中根據90天生存情況分為生存組和死亡或移植組。
1.3統計學方法使用SPSS 25.0進行統計學分析。服從正態分布的定量資料以±s表示,兩組間比較采用成組t檢驗;不服從正態分布的定量資料以M(P25~P75)表示,兩組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗。定性資料兩組間比較采用χ2檢驗。Plt;0.05為差異具有統計學意義。運用R 4.2.2軟件將人群按3∶1隨機分為訓練集與驗證集,用SPSS 25.0軟件比較兩組間各指標差異。在訓練集人群中,采用二元Logistic回歸分析確定老年HBV-ACLF患者90天死亡風險的獨立影響因素,運用R 4.2.2軟件構建老年HBV-ACLF患者死亡風險預測列線圖模型。使用受試者工作特征曲線(ROC曲線)評價訓練集與驗證集中模型對于HBV-ACLF患者轉歸的預測價值。繪制訓練集與驗證集中所構建模型的校準曲線與決策曲線,判斷模型擬合程度與預測收益。
2結果
2.1老年組與非老年組HBV-ACLF臨床特征比較研究初始納入患者545例,其中40例因合并腫瘤性疾病而被排除,6例合并其他系統嚴重疾病被排除,72例因其他病因導致ACLF被排除,還有10例因數據不全或失訪而被排除,最終納入417例HBV-ACLF患者。按年齡60歲分組,其中老年組106例,非老年組311例。研究發現老年組女性發生率、肝硬化基礎發生率、肝性腦病發生率及等級、腹水發生率、肝纖維化指標水平(APRI、FIB-4)COSSH-ACLFⅡ評分顯著高于非老年組(P值均lt;0.05);而血小板、總膽固醇、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、白蛋白、AFP、淋巴細胞、90天生存率等方面顯著低于非老年組(P值均lt;0.05)(表1)。
2.2老年HBV-ACLF患者生存組與死亡或移植組臨床特征比較為進一步分析老年HBV-ACLF患者臨床特征差異,根據患者90天生存情況將老年組患者分為生存組(41例)及死亡或移植組(65例)。研究發現兩組間總膽固醇、TBil、INR、AFP、血小板、肌酐、血清鈉、單核細胞數量、肝性腦病發生率及分級、MELD評分、COSSH-ACLFⅡ評分有顯著性差異(P值均lt;0.05)(表2)。
2.3 HBV-ACLF老年患者預后的相關性分析通過R語言將HBV-ACLF老年患者隨機分為驗證集與訓練集,兩組間各項指標差異均無統計學意義(P值均gt;0.05)(表3)。使用Logistic回歸模型進行單因素分析,將單因素分析有意義的指標(總膽固醇、TBil、INR、血小板、HDL-C、血清鈉、單核細胞、肝性腦病)進一步采用多因素Logistic回歸向前似然比法進行分析,結果顯示INR、單核細胞、TBil、血小板為HBV-ACLF老年患者90天預后的獨立影響因素(P值均lt;0.05)(表4)。
2.4預測老年HBV-ACLF預后的列線圖模型對驗證集運用R軟件構建并繪制老年HBV-ACLF預后的列線圖預測模型,根據列線圖獲取各因素評分,將對應的評分加和計算總評分,以評估老年HBV-ACLF患者90天內死亡的風險(圖1)。
2.5老年HBV-ACLF預后列線圖模型的驗證對訓練集繪制ROC曲線,其ROC曲線下面積(AUC)為0.915,截斷值為0.597,特異度為0.867,敏感度為0.880,通過R語言算出模型C-index為0.914,與AUC一致,故而該模型預測效能較好(圖2a)。對驗證集繪制ROC曲線,其AUC為0.818,表明該模型預測準確度較高(圖2b)。通過R語言分別對驗證集與訓練集繪制校準曲線,可見兩者擬合均較好(圖3)。通過決策曲線判斷模型凈收益,可見訓練集與驗證集模型曲線均在兩種極端情況之上,表明通過該模型作出的決策可帶來凈收益(圖4)。
2.6列線圖風險預測模型與其他模型對老年HBV-ACLF預后預測價值比較列線圖預測老年HBV-ACLF患者的90天生存率AUC為0.915(敏感度88.0%,特異度86.7%),而MELD、COSSH-ACLFⅡ、TACIA評分的AUC分別為0.825、0.853、0.580(表5,圖5),提示列線圖模型對老年HBV-ACLF患者90天生存預測效能優于其他模型。
3討論
HBV-ACLF病情兇險,疾病進展迅速,常伴發多器官功能衰竭,具有較高的短期病死率[1]。有研究[8]提示,ACLF短期生存率僅為50%,且高齡患者死亡相對風險比是年輕患者的2.55倍。本研究結果也表明,老年HBV-ACLF患者病死率顯著高于非老年患者,其中總膽固醇、白蛋白、淋巴細胞、AFP水平較非老年組更低,而肝纖維化程度、肝性腦病發生率較非老年組更高。因此對于老年HBV-ACLF患者需考慮其自身特征,早期識別并及時干預以改善患者臨床預后。
肝臟具有較強的再生功能,在肝功能受損后可發生代償,恢復其功能。Kakisaka等[9]發現血清AFP可作為急性肝損傷或肝衰竭時肝祖細胞誘導和增殖的標記。本課題組[10-11]前期發現AFP可作為再生標志物,對HBV-ACLF具有較高預測價值。但本研究結果提示,老年組AFP水平顯著低于非老年組。有研究[12]表明,老年患者肝細胞衰老,端粒酶功能障礙,再生功能受損。因此,隨著患者年齡增加,肝臟免疫系統紊亂、再生信號通路改變、衰老細胞的表觀遺傳及肝臟中細胞因子的分泌和功能改變將導致肝臟再生能力下降[13]。此外,老年患者肝臟體積縮小,肝細胞數量減少,動脈壁增厚導致肝臟血流灌注減少,肝竇內皮細胞窗孔減少,星狀細胞活性增加,樹突狀細胞抗原提呈降低,T淋巴細胞活性降低,巨噬細胞吞噬及清除衰老細胞能力下降,導致肝臟合成、儲備功能、免疫功能下降,對于急性打擊易感性更高、預后更差[14]。本研究結果提示,老年生存組患者AFP水平顯著高于死亡或移植組,但分析發現AFP并非是老年HBV-ACLF的獨立風險預測因子,推測其可能與樣本量偏小有關,有待于進一步擴大樣本進行驗證。
本研究還發現INR、單核細胞、TBil、血小板是老年HBV-ACLF患者90天預后的獨立影響因素,并建立了更為簡化客觀的列線圖預測模型,同時通過多種方式驗證了模型的效能與準確度。INR與膽紅素在目前關于ACLF預后的預測模型中已被廣泛運用[15-16]。老年HBV-ACLF患者多數發生在肝硬化基礎上,有多種機制作用均可導致血小板降低:肝硬化伴隨脾功能亢進、彌散性血管內凝血外周血小板破壞增加、血小板生成素生成減少而導致血小板生成減少、門靜脈高壓導致毒素易位和其他腸道源性物質可導致免疫紊亂導致體內循環免疫復合物作用于血小板,使血小板發生自身免疫性溶解[17]。Xu等[18]及本課題組[19]均發現血小板下降是HBV-ACLF患者預后不良的指標。此外,一系列研究[20-21]也發現各種炎癥指標(如白細胞、中性粒細胞、中性粒細胞與淋巴細胞比值、單核細胞與淋巴細胞比值、IL-6等)與HBV-ACLF患者預后有關。單核細胞是免疫早期浸潤的細胞,與ACLF的發生息息相關[22],而老年患者對疾病進展后的免疫應答較弱[22],因此,筆者推測相較于其他免疫細胞,單核細胞是老年HBV-ACLF患者中更重要的危險因素,但還需要進一步的研究加以證實。
綜上所述,老年HBV-ACLF患者可能因肝臟合成、儲備功能、再生能力下降,免疫功能紊亂等原因而表現為短期高病死率。通過納入臨床上易得的數據構建預后預測模型可以較早提示死亡風險的增減,進而對疾病的治療方式作出及時調整。
倫理學聲明:本研究方案于2020年7月9日由西部戰區總醫院倫理委員會審批,批號:2020ky005。
利益沖突聲明:本文不存在任何利益沖突。
作者貢獻聲明:張仕華、柏承志、李春燕負責研究設計,數據收集與分析,稿件撰寫;張仕華、柏承志、徐理茂、徐華謙負責數據分析,稿件修改;湯善宏負責研究設計與指導,并最終定稿。
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收稿日期:2024-01-19;錄用日期:2024-02-18
本文編輯:王瑩
引證本文:ZHANG SH BAI CZ, LI CY, et al. Risk factors for the prognosis of elderly patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure and construction of a nomogram model for risk prediction[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2024, 40(10): 1976-1984.
張仕華, 柏承志, 李春燕, 等. 老年HBV相關慢加急性肝衰竭預后 的危險因素及風險預測列線圖模型構建[J]. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2024, 40(10): 1976-1984.