中圖分類號:S667.3 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2025)06-1368-05
Abstract: Puhuabai is a new mid-to-late season and white-fleshed loquat cultivar developed from the seedling populations at Jiuhua Farm in Putian City,Fujian Province.Its genetic lineage was verified through molecular marker analysis.An exceptional loquat seedling tree was discovered in the 1980s near the catle pen at Yanghu Headquarters of Jiuhua Farm (a state-owned farm established in 1955). This tree exhibited stable fruiting performance,yellowish-white flesh,and superior quality.From 1984 to 1996, graft propagation trials in multiple locations (e.g.,Xiazheng,Longqiao Yangxi, Xiuyu District, Dayang Keshan,and Yuanpu) revealed its stable traits,including large fruit size,excellent flavor,high yield,and good disease resistance,leading to its preliminary selection as an elite line.In 2O2o,Putian University initiated systematic breeding and temporarily named it Puhuabai. In June 2O21, It was confirmed that this cultivar originated from the natural seedling populations of loquat at Jiuhua Farm. SSR molecular marker analysis of 50 loquat germplasms demonstrated its closest genetic relationship to Jiefangzhong.Multi-regional and production trials from 2021 to 2023culminated in its official certification by the Fujian Provincial Commitee for Non-Staple Crop Variety Certification in December 2024. The trees have semi-spreading canopy with vigorous growth,robust branches and sparse lenticels. The leaves are broad-elliptic( 30.26cm×9.79cm ), tomentose,and dark green,with wedge-shaped base, rounded serrations,prominent venation and persistent stipules.The flowers are bisexual, with white petals,5 styles,30 stamens, 2.13cm in diameter, 13.95cm in inflorescence and cold tolerance (normal flowering/fruiting at 4°C ).The nearly round fruits exhibit yellowish-white peel and flesh with easy peelling feature.Key characteristics include an average fruitweight of 58.75g ,edible portion rate of 70.98% ,and 4-5 seeds per fruit. The soluble solids content is 12.87% , total soluble sugars (glucose equivalent) content is 9.54% ,and titratable acidity (citric acid equivalent) is 0.36% ,contributing to its fine-textured flesh and well-balanced sweet-sour flavor.The fruits develop for about 140 days and mature from mid-late April to early May in Dayang Township,Hanjiang District,Putian City,Fujian Province.The trees demonstrate vigorous growth,strong resistance to leaf spot disease,and excellent productivity with stable yields.This cultivaris recommended for cultivation in Putian,Fujian Province,and climatically similar regions at low-to-medium elevations.Cultivation site selection includes wel-drained and acidic soil(
)with deep loamy layers,rich organic matters and gentle slopes( (lt;20° ) Planting density is 40-42 plants 666.7m-2 ( 4.0m×4.0m spacing).Dig planting holes 0.8mdeep×1.0m diameter),layer with bean stalks/weeds (2/3 depth),add decomposed manure,and backfill the holes. Optimal planting periods are mid-October (autumn) or February to March (spring). Rootstock can choose Jiefangzhong seedlings with robust root systems.Fertilization can be recommended as follows: Young trees: N-focused (N:P2O5:K2O=1:0.5:0.6 )
applications/year; Bearing trees: to control nitrogen and increase potassium N:P2O5:K2O=1:0.5:1 ,with2-3applications/year.Spring(fruit enlargement):Fast-acting fertilizer
) 25%-30% annual dose. Summer (post-harvest): Fast-acting fertilize 45%-50% annual dose. Autumn (optional):Fast-acting fertilizer
+ organic manure, 25%-30% annual dose. Pruningincludesto cutback thewhip seedlingbelow 0.7m to promote lowbranching,and maintain 0.5m interlayer spacing,with 3-4 primary branches per layer,and 2-3 secondary branches per primary branch.Post-harvest pruning focuses on removing weak/pest-damaged branches and cutting back leafless shoots. Fruit management include to thin fruits to
per cluster,and bag fruits with dual-layer \"paper bag + foam net” to improve fruit appearance. Harvest should be done at 90% maturity.
Keywords:Loquat;Newcultivar;Puhuabai;White-flesh
枇杷是原產我國的常綠果樹之一,栽培歷史悠久[。白肉枇杷具有肉質細嫩、風味佳等優點,其鮮食品質顯著優于黃肉枇杷,深受消費者喜愛。當前,枇杷產業正面臨著品種結構調整的重要關口,白肉枇杷的市場需求持續增長,種植面積逐年擴大,而黃肉枇杷的推廣比例呈下降趨勢。近年來,國內高校、科研機構相繼選育出三月白、早佳8號、粵暉[]、迎雪、華白2號、中白等優質白肉枇杷新品種,有效推動了產業升級。莆田學院從莆田市九華農場枇杷實生群體中成功選育出綜合性狀優良的中晚熟白肉枇杷新品種莆華白(圖1),為品種結構優化提供了新選擇。
1選育經過
在九華農場(1955年創辦的國營農場)洋湖舊場部牛欄旁,發現1株表現優異的枇杷實生樹,該樹自1980年初開始結果,具結果性能穩定、果肉黃白色、品質較優等特性。從1984年到1996年間,通過在莆田城郊下鄭和龍橋洋西、秀嶼區笏石、大洋柯山和院埔等地進行嫁接擴繁,觀察植物學特征、果實品質和抗性等綜合性狀,發現其具有果型大、風味佳、豐產性好、抗性強等優點,且性狀表現穩定,遂初選為優株。
2020年,莆田學院正式啟動系統選育工作,暫定名莆華白。2021年6月經溯源確認,該品種源于九華農場枇杷自然實生群體。基于50份枇杷種質資源的SSR分子標記親緣關系分析證實其與解放鐘親緣關系最近(圖2)。2021—2023年開展多生態區域試驗與生產性試驗,最終于2024年12月通過福建省非主要農作物品種認定委員會認定(認定編號:閩認果2024001),定名為莆華白。
2主要性狀
2.1 植物學特征
莆華白樹姿半開張,樹勢強,枝干粗壯,皮孔稀疏;葉片橢圓形,被茸毛,葉基楔形,葉緣鋸齒圓鈍,葉脈明顯,葉片長 30.26cm ,寬 9.79cm ,深綠色,抗病性強;具托葉宿存,托葉長 0.68cm ,葉柄長 1.24cm 。果實近圓形,果皮具點狀果斑,成熟時果皮及果肉均呈黃白色,風味酸甜。花序長 13.95cm ,兩性花,花瓣白色,花柱5枚,雄蕊30枚,花徑 2.13cm ,花梗長1.0cm ,耐寒性良好 4°C 左右能正常開花掛果)。


2.2 果實主要性狀
果實近圓形,成熟后果皮、果肉黃白色,易剝皮;平均單果質量 58.75g ,平均可食率 70.98% ,種子為4~5粒,三角形;平均可溶性固形物含量 12.87% ,可溶性總糖含量(以葡萄糖計) 9.54% ,可滴定酸含量(以檸檬酸計) 0.36% ,果肉細膩,酸甜適口,品質較優(表1)。相較于福建省主栽黃肉枇杷解放鐘,莆華白兼具白肉枇杷的優質特性與黃肉枇杷的更高產量,高接換種后第6年每 666.7m2 產量達 1031.61kg 產量略高于解放鐘,豐產穩產性好,適宜規模化種植。

2.3 物候期
在莆田市涵江區大洋鄉,其物候期為春梢1月初萌動,2月初抽生,3月中下旬春梢葉轉深綠;夏梢5月初萌發,6月初老熟;秋稍8月底萌動;花序9月中下旬出現。初花期10月中旬(早花占比約 10% ),晚花期持續到11月下旬至12月上旬。果實4月中旬始熟,一般持續到4月下旬末至5月初,果實發育期約 140d 9
2.4 抗逆性與適應性
莆華白適應性強,果皮厚韌,抗日灼和裂果能力強。田間調查顯示,在大洋鄉瑞云村莆華白和解放鐘的葉斑病病情指數分別為1.50和4.26(表1),莆華白抗葉斑病能力強,葉斑病病情指數顯著低于解放鐘;對其他病蟲害抗性與解放鐘相當。
3 栽培技術要點
3.1 建園定植
宜選擇在交通便利、土壤肥沃、酸堿度適中的(pH值 5.5~6.5) 土壤建園,在土層深厚、排水良好、土質疏松、含有機質多的紅壤與黃壤土、坡度 lt;20° 的緩坡地上種植生長結果更佳;適宜在年平均氣溫大于 18°C 、極端最低氣溫大于 0°C 、年降水量1200mm 以上的地區種植。每 666.7m2 種植40~42株,株行距以 4.0m×4.0m 為宜,挖深 0.8m 直徑1.0m 左右定植穴,鋪足豆稈、雜草約2/3深度,再施加腐熟土雜肥或廐肥后填土。每 666.7m2 施雞、鴨糞等有機肥 1000~2000kg 。10月中旬秋定植或翌年2-3月春定植。定植時保證種植質量,踏實、澆水,樹盤覆蓋,縛竹防風吹倒等。砧木以樹勢強且根系較發達的解放鐘實生苗為佳。
3.2 肥水管理
以有機-無機肥配施為原則。幼年樹施肥,以氮為主,磷、鉀施肥量為氮的 50%~60% ,以 N,P2O5 、K2O 質量比 1:0.5:0.6 為宜,年施肥4~6次。結果樹施肥,莆華白樹勢強健,偏施氮肥將導致結果母枝抽穗率不高,注意控氮增鉀,在果實采后至花芽生理分化前,適當控制氮肥的施用量利于花芽分化,以N、P2O5,K2O 質量比1:0.5:1為宜,年施肥2~3次。其中春肥(壯果肥):在疏果后和幼果迅速膨大期,施入N,P2O5,K2O 質量比3:2:2.5速效肥,占全年施肥量25%~30% ,促果實膨大和成熟以及春梢和根系的生長。施肥深度宜淺,以免傷根。夏肥:果實采后1周至花芽生理分化前,施入 N,P2O5,K2O 質量比3:2:3.5的速效肥和優質有機肥,宜早不宜遲,占全年施肥量 45%~50% ,以利采后樹勢恢復及促發健壯夏梢和花芽分化。秋肥:根據樹勢強弱來定施秋肥或不施,通常在開始抽生花穗時,施入 N,P2O5,K2O 質量比5:2.5:5的速效肥和有機肥,施肥量占全年施肥量的 25%~30% 。
3.3 整形修剪
莆華白樹勢較強,一般在 0.7m 處定干,促進低位分枝,層間距 0.5m ,各層選留3~4個主枝且層間互不重疊,每主枝選留2~3個副主枝并結合拉枝、適當回縮等手段,培育成開心、矮冠樹形,便于果園管理和采收,可減少勞動、生產成本,提高枇杷種植效益。采果后需進行一次重要的修剪,主要疏除衰弱枝、病蟲枯枝、交叉重疊枝,短截無葉枝條,回縮果痕枝、下垂枝等,11月上旬結合疏花也可進行一次修剪。
3.4花果管理
適度疏花與疏果。莆華白坐果率較高,若不疏果,果實大小不一。每穗根據樹勢強弱,可留果實3~8個。宜采用“外紙袋 + 內泡沫網\"雙層套袋,未套袋果實外觀品質下降。果實宜九成熟時采收。
致謝:莆田市農業科學研究所劉國強、莆田市涵江區閩中銀杏開發示范場沈志國、莆田市城廂區龍橋街道洋西村枇杷園林國棟參加了該新品種的選育工作,特此感謝!
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