以科技推動農民增收

今年21歲的邢玉紅，是商河縣趙奎元鄉邢家村的一名大棚種植者。在大多數同齡人都跑到外地打工的時候，邢玉紅在當地政府有關部門的支持下，在自己的土地里創出了一片新天地。如今，小邢一家種著6個大棚的無籽西瓜，一年僅這一項就有四五萬元的收入，一家人把小日子過得有滋有味，邢玉紅高興地說：“是政府幫俺‘土里刨金’的。”

自己富了，有經驗了，村里人都開始向小邢學習；小邢也樂得將經驗推廣給大家。現在，小邢成了村里的技術員，大家有了問題都愿意向她請教，連鄰村的村民都開始學著大棚種植了。

隨著市場經濟的不斷發展，農民增收問題是困擾農村經濟發展的一個大問題。近幾年，為了幫助農民增收，山東各級政府部門主動為農民聯系項目、聘請技術員、搜集信息，還在很多方面為他們提供致富的機會，農民的收入由此進入了一個快速增長階段。2003年，山東省全年農村人均純收入達到3145元，比上年增長了6.5%，增幅是近5年來最高的。

但政策和政府引導只是為農民增加收入提供了一個空間，農民要真正富起來，還必須在現有經營條件下把農業的文章做大做強。王志良是青島市農業技術推廣站站長，近幾年來，他帶領推廣站的人員研究出了黑小麥、特用玉米、特色地瓜等一系列特色產品。他說，在當前條件下，要增加糧食產量和增加農民收入，既要依靠科技來提高單產，同時還必須對糧食進行深加工，增加其附加值，讓農民切切實實地達到增收的目地。

其實，科技興農已經成為推動山東農業的重要力量。到目前為止，全省建立各類農業科技示范園2000多處，科技在農業增長中的貢獻率達到了50%左右，標準化基地達到160多萬公頃，初步形成了中西部平原優質糧棉產區、魯東及魯中南優質花生區、魯東南及魯北優質蔬菜產區、膠東半島及泰沂山區優質果品產區、沿黃及魯東南優質畜產品產業帶、魯東魯西優質禽產品生產加工區、沿海海珍品養殖及優質水產品產業帶、膠濟及京滬鐵路沿線優質農產品出口加工產業帶等8大優勢產業帶和專業生產區。

為達到農業增效的目的，山東對傳統種植業結構的調整在逐步深入。一些地方正在實行的“企業＋農戶”的模式使越來越多的老百姓從農業中獲得了好處。這種模式采取的方式就是企業根據市場的需求量決定加工數量，根據加工數量決定種植數量并與農戶簽訂種植合同，這樣使企業有了生產基地，而農民種植出來的農產品也有了銷路，從而實現農民、企業雙增收。青島農業技術推廣站近幾年來將自己研制出來的特色食品統一設計包裝、統一質量標準，也就是統一品牌來開拓國內外市場，取得了很好的效果。事實證明，參與這種種植模式的農民，每戶年平均要增收3000—5000元。

在改善傳統種植模式的同時，政府引導農民逐步增加了高效作物在農業種植中的比例。2003年，全省瓜菜、花卉、食用菌、中藥材、牧草等高效作物大大增加，糧經作物之比由2002年的57：43調整到54：46，僅瓜菜就達160多萬公頃，高效作物的公頃產值超過3萬元。另外，加快了冬季農業的發展，使過去的兩作兩收，變為夏秋冬三作三收，冬季農業收入占到全年農業收入的40%以上。畜牧、水產業也呈遞增趨勢，畜牧業產值在農業中的比例提高到30%。

農村富余勞動力的對外轉移也是農民增收的一條重要途徑。 據統計，2003年山東全省實現農村勞動力轉移達到129萬人，農民人均非農收入1752元，非農收入比重達到55.6%，非農產業的報酬收入已成為農民增收的重要來源。

在2004年《政府工作報告》的山東省經濟社會發展主要預期目標中，提出了農民人均純收入要增長5%。圍繞這個目標，山東省在發展壯大縣域經濟的同時，從今年起在全省范圍內全面推進對種糧農民的直接補貼，調動和保護農民的積極性，提高農民種糧的效益；挖掘農業和農村內部增收潛力，提高單位面積的種植效益和農產品質量水平，提高農業競爭力，把發展鄉鎮企業、發展農村二、三產業、推進農業產業化經營與小城鎮建設作為今年發展農村經濟的重點。

時隔一個月，2004年2月12日，山東省又在濟南召開全省農村工作會議，會議的中心內容就是促進農民增收，確定了對農業和農民“多予、少取、放活”的方針。農民增收、農業增效這盤棋，正在一個新的規則下快速動起來。

Xing Yuhong， at the age of 21， is a peasant engaged in greenhouse gardening in Xingjia Village， Zhaokuiyuan Township， Shanghe County， Shandong Province. While most of her contemporaries have left their hometown to seek jobs， Xing has made a fortune by tilling her own land. Nowadays， Xing and her family members plant seedless watermelon in six greenhouses， producing an income of around 50，000 yuan every year.

Xing started to plant seedless watermelon in 2000. In order to support her， the township government specially paid money to invite an expert on watermelon plantation from Changle， which is honored as the “Watermelon Home Town” in Shandong Province， to instruct her in the proper agricultural techniques. In the very first full year of production， each of the six watermelon greenhouses resulted in more than 7000 RMB in net profits for Xing.

Low peasant incomes have hindered the economic development of the countryside throughout China for many years， and this has caused a series of social problems. However， in the past two years， in order to help peasants increase their incomes， government departments at all levels in Shandong Province have been making every effort to help them. Besides introducing investment projects， inviting technicians， and collecting information for the peasants， the governments have also offered many opportunities for them to make a fortune. Consequently， during this period， the peasants’ incomes have increased with greater rapidity than ever before. In 2003， throughout Shandong Province， the average net incomes per capita hit 3145 yuan， an increase of 6.5% over the previous year， which was the highest rate over the past five years.

Nowadays， there are many governmental policies favoring peasants. However， to make them richer still， much more should be done in terms of agricultural development. Wang Zhiliang is director of the Popularization Station of Agricultural Technologies of Qingdao City. Under his leadership over the past several years， this station has promulgated a series of improved agricultural products， such as black wheat， corn for special use， and certain strain of sweet potato. He thinks that under current conditions， in order to increase total grain output and peasants’ incomes， the government should do three things: (1) strengthen the protections for cultivated land， thus creating a solid foundation for development; (2) apply scientific technologies to agriculture to promote the per unit area yield; and (3) promote the intensive processing of grain， so that its “value added” component can be enhanced.

To further increase income， the “enterprise plus peasant household” model， which has heretofore been successfully carried out in some areas， is now being promulgated far and near. In accordance with this effective model， an enterprise sets its production volume in accordance with market demands， then adjusts its plantation volume in accordingly， and finally signs a plantation contract with peasant workers.

In this way， the enterprise has a fixed plantation base and the peasants’ grain has an oriented market， which benefits both the enterprise and the peasants. In recent years， the grain products of the Popularization Station of Agricultural Technologies of Qingdao City have been sold according to the rubric of “united packaging， united quality standards， united brand” model， which has so far turned out good profits. Facts have confirmed that peasants following this model can increase their average household income from 3000 to 5000 yuan per year..

Relocating surplus labor force from the countryside to other regions is also an important way to increase peasants’ incomes. Statistics reveal that in 2003 more than one million people of rural labor force throughout Shandong Province were transferred. As a result， more than 60% of the increased incomes of the peasants was created in this way， an important revenue resource for the peasants. Meanwhile， with the rapid development of secondary and tertiary industries in the countryside， the resources to increase the peasants’ incomes have also been expanded.

In the anticipated goals concerning economic and social development in 2004， Shandong Province has declared that the net incomes of the peasants per capita will increase by 5% over the previous year. Centering on this goal， Shandong will continue to make every effort to adjust its agricultural and rural economic structures， develop quality agricultural products that can be exported， and popularize regional layout， professional cultivation， and standardized production. While continuing to accelerate the county-level agricultural economy， more importance will be attached to town-run enterprises and the secondary and tertiary industries in the rural villages. In this way， it is anticipated that the agricultural industrialization and construction of the township cities will be combined. Actual work will be done to lighten the burdens on peasants. Save for tobacco， all taxes on special agricultural products will be cancelled. Grain markets will be opened directly to peasant farmers to encourage their enthusiasm for grain plantation.