半個多世紀前的1948年,我曾隨父親鐘敬文及母親到澳門柯麟醫生家小住,依稀有那么一股恬靜的綠洲印象留在腦海中。好容易到2001年,我才有參加學術會議的機會重游澳門,尋訪那久存心頭的點點留痕。不過我在似曾游逛過的古老街道上匆忙穿行三天,我興奮的心情卻降到了冰點,原因就是我沒有找到澳門任何一間圖書館!特別是連我童年小住的老房子也找不到了,這讓我懊喪不已。近20多年來,我的足跡所到過的城市,從來沒有找不到當地圖書館的情況,而我更是清楚地知道,190年前正是在這里出版過中英文對照的第一部字典:《華英字典》(A Dictionary of the Chinese Language)。這套3部6卷大型工具書的出現,給近代中西文化交流奠定了文字對應的基礎,給西方人認識中國一個入門工具,也給中國人了解西方開拓了具體的手段,更把中國的《康熙字典》擴展成一門新學科——認識世界的工具書。可是,偏偏由于我的愚魯,入寶山而空手返回。
回到北京,我通過倫敦的朋友把這部字典的初步資料郵寄回來看了之后,更加心癢難平。這書的編者就是一位了不起的人物,他的中文名馬禮遜(Robert Morrison,1782—1834),當年是英國倫敦會傳教士,他于1807年9月7日經美國到達廣州,長期擔任翻譯工作。8年后的1815年開始出版由他編著的《華英字典》的第一部:《字典》(3卷),接著是第二部:《五車韻府》(2卷),到1822年是第三部:《英華字典》1卷。共6卷4595頁。另外他還出版《廣東土語詞匯字典》和《馬禮遜的中國觀》等書。他在1824年被選為英國皇家學會會員,1834年被舉為廣東政廳秘書,死在廣州,葬在澳門。其二子都在澳門出生,承父業為中西文化交流貢獻良多。
轉眼過了一年,我又有機會赴澳門開會。這次我先查閱旅游手冊,從中獲得提示,于是我在一天早上10點鐘來到塔石汽車站,巧得很,在一扇被慶賀花籃遮住的一個門邊,我看見了“中央圖書館”的銅牌,不過要到下午兩點才開門,沒有辦法,我只好漫步前往澳門中心點的議事廳廣場,瀏覽了民政總署。簡單午餐后熬到了時辰終于進了圖書館。我上樓向館員說明所找書名后,她耐心地在電腦上查找,卻不見蹤影。后來聽說這個圖書館有六個分館,其中民政總署分館有老書,于是我又趕回議事廣場民政總署二樓,原來這里才是古色古香的分館呢!
這里工作的女士早就在等我,我說出找馬禮遜的書,她們就拿出兩大本,兩書的原書皮早就沒有了,一部上面有1817年寫的序言,另一部則是1821年和1822年寫的序言。
我急迫地問道:“可以復印一些嗎?”她們微笑回答:“可以。”
我接著追問:“多少錢一頁?”“5角澳門幣。”
這個回答在大陸圖書館是根本不可能的,我無暇去數落家丑,忙著翻看條目內容,并報出要復印的頁數,由她們在旁邊記錄。
女士去開機復印,我強壓著內心的激情,約略觀看這座典型的南歐風格建筑。它是模仿葡萄牙瑪弗拉修道院圖書館而建的,天花板飾有古典風格的金粉浮雕,家具是按照路易十五時代風格設計的,從地板升到天花板的書架上放滿洋裝書,與建筑融為一體。這里存放著16世紀至20世紀葡萄牙人的歷史文獻多種,包括1822年創辦的外國人在中國出版的第一份葡文報紙《蜜蜂華報》,當然更有馬禮遜文庫。我流連其間,醉迷于這夢幻般的書香境界中。到現在我都還想不起來我是如何抱著復印件回到賓館的,內心中唯有感激,感謝馬禮遜這位中國的老朋友對世界文化的貢獻,感謝澳門圖書館對于藏書的保護和利用。
這幾年我又陸續訪問過澳門,還專門到白鴿巢旁的馬禮遜堂去瞻仰,這里是馬禮遜當年辦的學校,樸素光潔的小小禮堂,讓人遐思萬千。中國第一個留英博士黃寬以及留美的容閎博士全在這里受過教育。禮堂背后就是馬禮遜長眠地,在蟬鳴聲中令我沉思不已。隨著對馬禮遜及其繼承者們所開拓建構的中西文化交流的深入了解,我的探索興趣愈加濃厚。其實馬禮遜的字典就是以中國《康熙字典》為基礎編著的,《五車韻府》也完全是按照《康熙字典》順序排列,但介紹內容卻換成為外國人學習中國文字而需要對應的發音和意思,連例句都是馬禮遜自己改換選用的,自然其解釋更是與西方文字意思相協調,并在書后附上文字發音檢索表。這樣一來,其功能就不僅適合外國人用了,中國人也可以通過此工具書去學習西方的文字和文化概念。但可惜的是中國人長期被封建政令所拘束,當年連與外國人交流都是殺頭的罪名,所以這個好工具只落得被日本人拿去應用了。到現在,這部最先開拓中國新詞語之源的工具書,還需要費大力氣去重新挖掘。
澳門圖書館的寶藏還真多,僅是西方人順著馬禮遜的腳步而繼續編輯出版的雙語詞典,我就發現多部,幾乎占1909年以前出版的雙語詞典的一半,而且多是澳門本地出版的。這就難怪17世紀至19世紀希望了解中華帝國的西方人都蜂擁到澳門,他們想使用從利瑪竇到馬禮遜所建構的知識橋梁來認識中國。澳門不像有些地方,一切以經濟利益為本,更不追求榮華富貴過眼煙云,澳門的文化綠洲很恬靜美麗,完全可以利用自身的文化優勢,發展成一個文化之邦。
我衷心祝愿,21世紀穩定發展的中華民族,能夠把澳門這個知識綠洲繼續發揚光大,讓中西文化交流的橋梁雙通道上,交流成果更加豐碩。
(本文作者為北京社會科學院歷史所研究員)
Seeking Rare Books in Macao
By Zhong Shaohua
My memory of Macao mostly came from my short-time stay at a doctor's house with my parents in 1948. It was not until 2001 that I visited Macao again. In the spare time during my attendance at an academic conference, I wandered in streets in search of the local library for three days. To my chagrin and disappointment, my mission had totally failed. It was the first time in the last 20 years and more that I had visited a city but failed to locate a library there. I knew clearly that the city library had A Dictionary of the Chinese Language published in Macao 190 years ago. The three-part 6-volume Chinese-English dictionary paved a way for cultural dialogues between China and the rest of the world.
After I was back to Beijing, a friend in London sent me brief information on the dictionary. The compiler of the landmark dictionary was Robert Morrison (1782-1834), the first Protestant missionary to China. He arrived in Guangzhou on September 7, 1807 from USA. He worked there as a translator. In 1815 he published the first part of the dictionary in 3 volumes. The second part in two volumes followed soon. In 1822, the third part in 1 volume was printed. The 6-volume dictionary had a total of 4,595 pages. This gigantic dictionary was based on Kangxi Dictionary, a royal project authorized and supervised by the Qing government. The entries in second part were arranged exactly in the same order as in Kangxi Dictionary, but contents were especially recreated to suit western readers. As a result, the dictionary was not only useful for foreigners to know about Chinese culture but also valuable for Chinese scholars to probe the western language and concepts. But unfortunately, mixing with foreigners was punishable by death in China at that time. Instead, the dictionary was greatly used by Japanese.
In 2002, I was in Macao again. This time I first checked the information on the library in a tourist brochure. It took me a good while to finally locate the dictionary. I asked the two women librarians to Xerox some important pages for me. I was so overjoyed with my find that I seemed to be in a trance when I held the copied pages in front of my chest and went back to the hotel. Even today I can's recall exactly how I went back to the hotel with the pages in my hands.
The Macao Library has treasures. Following the footsteps of Morrison, westerners came to Macao and continued to compile bilingual dictionaries for readers who wished to know China. I found that more than 50% of the Chinese bilingual dictionaries in the world before 1909 were published in Macao. No wonder Macao was the beachhead of that time for westerners who wished to learn about the great oriental empire. Unlike some other areas, Macao is not totally money-oriented nor does it seek nothing but fleeting fortunes and prosperity. The cultural oasis in Macao is beautiful and fruitful.