探訪娃娃魚養殖場

前些日子，北京海洋館收到浙江省一個養殖場贈送的兩尾各8公斤重的名貴娃娃魚，著實引起了媒體一陣不小的轟動。

這個地處金華著名風景區雙龍洞山麓的娃娃魚養殖場，是由浙江永強農業技術有限公司投資8000萬元開發的一項新型產業。公司老板孫榮福、孫海強本是一對農民父子，他們經過多年的養殖實踐，已經成為娃娃魚養殖專家。歷任金華地委書記、杭州市委書記、浙江省政協副主席的厲德馨，曾撰寫《我的一位農民朋友》夸獎他們。日前，年過八旬的厲德馨還專程帶領我們到孫榮福在義烏鳳凰山的家進行采訪，并陪同參觀了雙龍洞娃娃魚養殖場。

娃娃魚全身都是寶

娃娃魚學名大鯢，俗稱人魚、大頭魚，國家二類保護動物。你別看它生相平平，行動遲緩，它卻是比人類還要古老得多的地球居民，早在3.5億年前，大鯢就在地球上生息繁衍。因其叫聲如嬰兒啼哭，故有娃娃魚之稱。它作為兩棲類中個體最大的動物，曾有過體長近2米、體重逾100公斤的記載。

娃娃魚軀干粗壯扁圓，頭寬、口大、眼小，四肢粗短有蹼，頭部生有疣粒，皮膚滑溜多褶，棲于山區水質清涼的小溪石縫巖洞中，我國17個省區都有其蹤跡。

娃娃魚其貌不揚，卻渾身是寶。其肉質地細嫩鮮美，風味獨特，含有17種氨基酸，氨基酸總量占體重的91.92%，真算得上山珍極品；其油在零下20攝氏度也不凍結，有極佳的美容、益膚功能。古人不識貨，用它來點燈。《史記》曰：“始皇帝之葬也，以人魚膏為燭。”多可惜啊!娃娃魚全身皆可入藥，對霍亂、瘧疾、痢疾、貧血、老年癡呆癥等有顯著療效，更是滋陰補腎、延緩衰老的珍品；作為從水生到陸生過渡的典型兩棲動物，它在生物進化史上還具有非同尋常的意義和特殊的研究價值。

養殖規模全國第一

由于娃娃魚的養殖價值巨大，因而娃娃魚成了物欲膨脹者亂捕濫殺、瘋狂追逐的目標。加之前些年生態環境每況愈下，故從上世紀70年代以來其資源量銳減，原本在我國17個省區悠然生息的古老物種，面臨著前所未有的滅頂之災。

一些有責任感的科學家為了挽救這一瀕危物種，從1978年起，開展了對娃娃魚的人工馴養繁殖研究。1996年，在家鄉義烏鳳凰山從事水產養殖業的孫榮福、孫海強父子，在一年賣出10萬只甲魚之后，毅然決定轉產養殖娃娃魚。建房舍、買親魚、引清流、求良師，第二年親魚產卵，他們左盼右等，就是不見魚卵孵化。失敗原因何在，原來娃娃魚雌、雄發育不同步，二者性成熟相距15天；卵子必須在產后10分鐘之內受精才有效，而精子又只能成活兩小時。

第二年，他們通過人工調節水溫的辦法，調控雌雄親魚同步生育，結果首批28條娃娃魚苗終于誕生。

天有不測風云，正當父子倆沉浸在成功的喜悅之中時，不知何故，包括親魚、幼魚在內的“寶貝”突然死掉了一大半，2000萬元的投資面臨“泡湯”的危險!

父子倆細析原因，終于發現癥結所在：養殖池內水質突變，汞含量嚴重超標。于是父子倆再一次作出驚人之舉：追加投資6000萬元，在水質良好的雙龍洞麓興建一個占地80畝的新養殖場，并與專業力量雄厚的中國水產科學院長江水產研究所合作，使娃娃魚養殖業在“強強聯合”中登上一個新臺階。

我們在養殖場看到，這里已擁有十多萬尾娃娃魚，僅今年就有6萬尾仔魚問世成活。養殖場營造的狀若溪灘的環境，十分適宜于娃娃魚生長。一些尚未孵化的帶狀魚卵在催化，數百尾仔苗正在破壁而出，它們好些還是雙胞胎呢!一些稍大的仔魚，在水下如蝌蚪一般怡然不動，幾千尾從三四公斤至十多公斤重的成年蛙娃魚有的蠕動身軀，有的在緩慢劃動長有四指的前肢和五趾的后肢。那條身長1.5米、重達28公斤的“老祖宗”卻獨居一室，它那棕褐色的背部長有黑斑，寬扁的頭部長著疣粒，動則有氣勢，蟄伏也威嚴。

國家規定，養殖的第一代娃娃魚禁止上市，第二代也要經過批準才能上市。累計投資已達8000萬元、尚未收入分文的養殖場仍然能夠正常運行，這主要靠的是孫榮福調度有方，后續資金有著落。中國科學院院士、世界著名兩棲動物專家趙爾宓先生考察后指出：這里是全國規模最大的娃娃魚養殖場，他稱贊孫氏父子倆科學養殖娃娃魚的可貴精神。

喜人的目標定能實現

現在，孫榮福、孫海強父子又提出了驚人新目標：再投入8000萬元，在義烏建一個占地350畝的新養殖場，爭取年產30萬尾娃娃魚。

曾經對父子倆的養殖業產生過懷疑的人們，如今已不再用疑惑的目光看待這個樸實、刻苦、誠信的家庭。他們百折不撓干一事成功一事的行動，取得了社會的信賴。想當年，孫榮福提出要承包義烏鳳凰山養魚，便遭到許多人的嘲笑：“山上也能養魚?大頭天話!”但當時的金華地委書記厲德馨和義烏縣委書記謝高華卻力排眾議，支持孫榮福承包大半荒蕪的鳳凰山。結果，孫榮福以非凡的毅力墾荒山、挖魚塘，第二年9月當幾萬斤鮮蹦活跳的草、鰱、鳙魚在縣城上市時，當即引起了稠城居民的巨大轟動；到了90年代初，孫榮福打算興建大型甲魚養殖場飼養甲魚，有人又不以為然：“這可不是件馬虎事!”然而孫榮福不信邪，他請求時任杭州市委書記的厲德馨親自陪著去余杭取經，結果又大獲成功，僅1996年就有10萬只甲魚上市；后來孫榮福父子提出要為義烏人民造福，建造全縣第一個公園，此時又有人懷疑他們的動機。但是這一家子投資數百萬元建起了義烏市第一個公園之后，毅然將年門票收入達四五十萬元的公園無償贈給了集體；過了幾年，孫榮福又帶領全家投資6000萬元興建了占地240畝的義烏樂園，為義烏人民提供了一片假日休閑的樂土。為了讓全家同心協力，孫榮福把家業分成五股，自己、妻子李君芳、長子海強、次子海勇、女兒海珍各占一股，分別管理淡水養殖、房產建筑、義烏樂園及餐飲業。全家人各司其職，戮力同心，低調做人，因而無往不勝。

一系列的成功記錄，讓人們對這個勤勞樸實而又智慧團結的家庭刮目相看。

這一次孫榮福再次提出擴大娃娃魚養殖計劃，義烏市領導親自陪他們選址，省政府也把這一計劃列入全省重點建設項目；國家發改委還特別撥款1000萬元作為建設經費。

有這樣敬業奮進的家庭，有各方這樣的大力支持，孫榮福父子未來的目標何愁不能實現!

A Giant Salamander Farm

By Fu Tongxian， our staff reporter

The Beijing Oceanarium has recently received two 8-kilo giant salamanders as a gift from an aquafarm in Zhejiang. The precious creatures caused a stir in the capital’s news media. The giant salamanders came from the farm located near the Double Dragon Cave， a scenic zone in central Zhejiang’s Jinhua City. Specializing in breeding giant salamanders， it is a private business named Zhejiang Yongqiang Agrotech Co.， Ltd.， owned and operated by Sun Rongfu and his son Sun Haiqiang.

In 1996， the father and the son decided to invest 20 million to build a giant salamander farm after a very successful business year when they sold 100，000 soft-shelled turtles.

Their ambition was grounded in their belief that giant salamanders would bring them good business. Giant salamanders appeared on earth much earlier than humans. They date back to 350 million years ago. And they are the largest amphibians on the planet. They are very valuable both as food and medicine. When the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty (221-207B.C.) was buried， the fat of giant salamanders was used to fuel the candles in his underground mausoleum. Decades ago， natural habitats of giant salamanders were found in 17 provinces across China， but later the creatures were wantonly poached and were rapidly pushed onto the verge of extinction. In the late 1970s， scientists began to breed them under artificial conditions.

Flamed by their ambition and enthusiasm and backed by the initial investment， the father and the son went into the new breeding business. But the first year was a total failure. The salamanders did not breed anything. As it turned out that there was a fifteen-day gap in sex maturity between the male and female salamanders. According to scientists， the salamander sperm lives for only two hours and fertilization effects within 10 minutes only. A fifteen-day gap meant the giant salamanders on the farm did not have a chance to produce a single baby.

In 1997， the father and the son adjusted water temperatures so that the male and female giant salamanders came into heat at the same time. Twenty-eight baby giant salamanders were born. But the ecstasy was short-lived. Most of the baby fishes and their parents died mysteriously later. After investigating the situation， the father and the son concluded that the pools had been disastrously polluted by mercury.

They decided to build a new farm near the Double Dragon Cave where water quality was excellent. The 5-hectare farm cost them another 60 million. In addition to the new site， the giant salamander farm partnered with a state research institute to solve technical problems and get technical advice.

Today， the farm is the country’s largest aquafarm for breeding giant salamanders. The number of giant salamanders has multiplied to 100，000. In 2005 alone， more than 50，000 have been bred. Thousands of adults weighing from 3 kilograms to 10 kilograms wriggle in the pools. The great grandpa salamander measures 1.05 meter in length and weighs 28 kilograms. He enjoys a separate pool of his own.

Though the state government does not allow the first-generation salamanders to be sold on the market and the sales of the second-generation giant salamanders must be approved， the farm does not encounter financial problems. The father and son are sharp entrepreneurs.

They became wealthy first by setting up a fish farm in a mountain. People stopped laughing at them when tens of thousand kilos of fish from the farm were sold in the county capital in September in the following year. In the early 1990s， the father and the son wanted to set up a large-scale soft-shelled turtle farm. Some again thought they were too ambitious and the project sounded extremely impossible. But their venture was a success again. In 1996 alone they sold more than 100，000 soft-shelled turtles. In addition to their business ventures， they built the first park in Yiwu and donated all the admission fees to public services. The family has also built a large amusement park with an investment of 60 million in Yiwu city.

This year， Sun Rongfu proposed a new giant salamander project. It has become part of the provincial government’s key projects.The State Development and Reform Commission has allotted an amount of 10 million to finance the construction.

(Translated by David)