1.現(xiàn)在進行時的構成
現(xiàn)在進行時由“am/is/are+動詞現(xiàn)在分詞”構成。
肯定式: I am/'m working.
He(She , It ) is working.
We (You, They) are/'re working.
否定式: I am not/'m not working.
He(She, It) is not /isn'working.
We (You , They) are not /aren't working.
疑問式: Am I working... ...?
Is he(she, it )working... ...?
Are you(we, they) working?
簡單回答: Yes, you are. No, you aren't.
Yes, I am. No, I'm not. Yes, he(she it) isn't. No, he(she, it)isn't.
Yes, we(you, they)are. No, we(you, they)aren't.
2. 動詞-ing形式的構成及其讀音
(1)一般在動詞原形末尾加-ing.如:
stay---staying do---doing
listen---listeningsuffer---suffering
work---workingspend---spending
look---looking
(2)以不發(fā)音的字母e結尾的動詞,先去掉e,再加-ing.如:
make---making take---taking
give---giving ride---riding
please---pleasingrefuse---refusing
close---closing operate---operating
(3)以一個輔音字母結尾的重讀閉音節(jié)詞,先雙寫這個輔音字母,再加-ing.如:
put---puttingsit---sitting
run---running win---winning
begin---beginning
(4)以ie為重讀音節(jié)結尾的單詞,先去掉e,把I變?yōu)閥,再加-ing.如:
lie---lying tie---tying
die---dying
(5)以re音節(jié)結尾的動詞,先去掉e,再加-ing.如:
prepare---preparing interfere---interfering
tire---tiringbore---boring
cure---curing
(6)以er結尾的動詞,如果是重讀音節(jié)結尾,先雙寫r,再加-ing;如果不是重讀音節(jié)結尾,就直
接加-ing.如:
prefer---preferringwater(澆水)---watering
3.現(xiàn)在進行時的用法
(1)表示說話時正在進行或發(fā)生的動作。如:
這時可以不用時間狀語,也可以和now, at present, at the moment 等時間狀語連用。
有時用一個動詞。如look(看),listen(聽)。
What are you reading now?
你在看什么?
Liste!Someone is singing in the classroom.
聽!有人在教室里唱歌。
(2)表示當前一段時期的活動或現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作。如:
They are working in a factory these days .
他們這幾天正在工廠勞動。
More and more people are giving up smoking .
越來越多的人在戒煙。
(3)表示現(xiàn)階段下在進行而說話時不一定在進行的動作,現(xiàn)在進行時的這一用法常與表示一段時間的狀語如:these days,this week等連用。如:
They are working in a factory these days.
他們這幾天在工廠勞動。
They抮e visiting Beijing this week.
這周他們在北京觀光。
(4)現(xiàn)在進行時常與always,continually,constantly,forever等表示頻度的副詞連用,表示經(jīng)常、反復發(fā)生的動作常表示厭煩、不滿、贊揚等情感。如:
He is always thinking of his work.
他總是想著他的工作。
They抮e forever quarrelling about something.
他們老是為某件事爭吵不休。(不滿)
(5)現(xiàn)在進行時有時也用來代替一般現(xiàn)在時表示經(jīng)常性的動作或狀態(tài),這時或是為了表示一種感情(如贊嘆、厭煩等)或是為了強調情況的暫時性。如:
How are you feeling today ?
你今天覺得怎么樣?(親切)
Linda is doing fine work at school.
琳達在學校學習挺不錯。(贊美之意)
(6)有些動詞:如come,go ,leave,arrive,begin ,start ,stay 等的現(xiàn)在進行時可表示將要發(fā)生的動作,一般跟時間狀語,表明動作發(fā)生的時間。如:
The train is arriving soon.
火車要到了。
Are you going anywhere tomorrow?
明天你到哪兒去嗎?
(7)有的動詞不能用于現(xiàn)在進行時。這些詞通常是表示感覺、感情、存在、從屬、思維等的動詞。如:
表示感覺的動詞:see,hear,smell,taste,feel,notice.look.,seem,appear.
表示感情的動詞:hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse,forgive(原諒)。
表示存在的狀況:be ,exist(存在),remain(保持),stay ,obtain(獲得)。
表示從屬或占用:have,possess(擁有),own(擁有),contain(包含),belong(屬于),consist of(由……組成),from(形成)。
表示思考、理解:understand,know,believe,think.,doubt,forget,remember.
1.進去進行時的構成
過去進行時由“was /were+現(xiàn)在分詞”構成。(以動詞work為例)
[注意]
肯定式: I(He,She, It)was working.
We(You, They)were working.
否定式:I(He, She,It)was not working.
We(You, They)were not working.
疑問句: Was I(he, she, it )working......?
Were we (you ,they)working......?
簡單回答: Yes, you were. No, you were not.
Yes, I was. No, you were not.
Yes,he(she, it)was. No,he(she, it )was not.
Yes, you(we, they)were. No, you (we,they)were not.
was not可縮寫成wasn't; were not 可縮寫成weren't.
2.過去進行時的用法
(1)過去進行時表示過去某一個時間或某一段時間內(nèi)正在進行或發(fā)生的動作。通常與表示過去的時間狀語連用。如:the, at this/that time,yesterday, at nine, last night等。
At 8:00 o抍lock yesterday evening I was having dinner with some friends.
昨天晚上八點,我在和幾位朋友一起吃飯。
The doorbell rang while my mother was cooking the dinner.
在媽媽做飯時,門鈴響了。
(2)表示移動的動詞。如:come,start, stay, leave,fly等詞的過去進行時,可以表示過去將要發(fā)生的動作。如:
He was leaving the following day.
他第二天將要離開。
She asked when I was starting.
她問我何時動身。
(3)過去進行時動詞常與always, forever,continually, constantly, frequently等副詞連用,代替一般過去時,強調過去經(jīng)常性或習慣性動作,表示出說話人的贊美、厭煩等情緒。如:
He was forever complaining about something.
他老是怨這怨那。
He was constantly asking questions.
他老是沒完沒了地提問題。
(4)在含有時間狀語從句的復合句中,延續(xù)時間較長的動作用過去進行時,另一個動作用一般過去時。
若表示兩個延續(xù)動作在過去某一時刻同時發(fā)生,則主句和從句的謂語動詞都用過去進行時。如:
What was Jim doing when the teacher came in ?
老師進來的時候吉姆在做什么?
He read a piece of newspaper while he was waiting for the bus.
他一邊等車,一邊看報。
[注意]
1.靜態(tài)動詞如be,have,seem,depend on (依靠)等一般不能用于進行時態(tài)。
2.表示知覺認識或情感的動詞如see,hear,believe,know,like,love,want,wish等一般也沒有進行
時態(tài)。
3. 一般過去時與過去進行時的用法比較
一般過去時表示在過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài);而過去進行時則表示在過去某個特定時間正在進行的動作。如:
Mary worte a letter to her friend last night.
瑪麗昨晚給她朋友寫了封信。(信已寫完)
Mary was writing a letter to her friend at 8:00 o'clock last night.
昨晚八點鐘瑪麗在給她的朋友寫信。
(信不一定寫完,只說明了動作的延續(xù))
It was raining this time yesterday.
昨天這個時間在下雨(動作延續(xù))
It rained yesterday.
昨天下過雨。(動作完成)
現(xiàn)在完成時
1.現(xiàn)在完成時的構成(以動詞work為例)
肯定式: I(You)have worked.
He(She, It)has worked.
We(You, They)have worked.
否定式: I(You)have not/haven't worked.
He(She,It)has not/hasn't worked.
We(You, They)have not /haven't worked..
疑問句: Have I(you )worked......?
Hashe (she ,it)worked......?
Have we(you, they)worked......?
簡單回答: Yes,you(I)have. No, you(I)have not/haven't.
Yes,he(she,it)has. No, he(she, it)has not/hasn't.
Yes, you(we, they)have. No,you(we,they)have. not/haven't.
[注意]
1.助動詞have 和has 可以與前面的主語縮略為’ve和’s.如:we've,they've, he's ,it's等。
2.have not 常縮略為haven't, has not常縮略為hasn't.
2.現(xiàn)在完成時的詞尾變化
現(xiàn)在完成時由“助動詞have/has+過去分詞”構成。規(guī)則變化的過去分詞與動詞過去式的變化一樣,在動詞詞尾加-ed;不規(guī)則變化的過去分詞見“一般過去時”一節(jié)的不規(guī)則動詞表。
3.現(xiàn)在完成時的用法
(1)表示過去已經(jīng)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(也許還會繼續(xù)進行下去)的動作或狀態(tài);常和表示一段時間的狀語,如:today,these days, since---for---,this month,now等連用。如:
They have lived in Beijing since 1972.
他們從一九七二年以來就住在北京。
He has drunk four cups of coffee today.
他今天喝了四杯咖啡了。
(2)表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結果。如:
I have just posted a letter.
我剛把信郵寄了。
She has lost her watch.
她把表丟失了。
4.現(xiàn)在完成時需要注意的問題
(1)表示短暫性的動詞不能與表示一段時間的狀語連用。如:
appear,begin,borrow,buy, close,come ,die, fall,find,finish,join, kill, leave,lend sell, start,stop等。
(2)現(xiàn)在完成時不能和明確指出過去時間的狀語。如:
yesterday,last week ,in 1999, two days ago, just now, when I came in等?
但可以和不明確指出時間的狀語,如:already, yet ,sometimes, always, often, just, before,
never ,ever, lately, once等連用;
也可和包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時間狀語,如:this morning,today,this week, this year等連用。
(3)have(has)been 和have(has)gone的區(qū)別:
表示“曾到過某地”要作“have(has)been”;表示“已經(jīng)去某地”要用“have(has)
gone.”試比較:
Where has he been?
他剛才到哪兒去了?(他已回來)
Where has he gone?
他上哪去了?(他現(xiàn)在不在這里)
They have been to Beijing.
他們到過北京。(現(xiàn)在已不在北京了)
They have goin to Beijing.
他們到北京去了。(他們可能在去北京的路上,或者已到北京)
(4)現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時在意義上的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結果,強調的是現(xiàn)在的情況。因此,它不
能和表示過去的時間狀語連用,如:yestenrday,last nigt, three weeks ago, in 2000等。而一般過去時只表示過去的動作或狀態(tài),和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生關系,它可以和表示過去的時間狀語連用。試比較:
I have seen him.
我已見過他了。(我了解他的情況)
I saw him yesterday.
我昨天看到他的。(只說明昨天我看到他,并不涉及現(xiàn)在的情況)
I have been ill for a week.
我已病了一周了。(現(xiàn)在還在生病)
I was ill for a week.
我病了一周。(過去病了一周)
1.過去完成時的構成(以動詞work 為例)
過去完成時
過去完成時由“助動詞had+過去分詞”構成。
所有人稱和數(shù)都用“had+過去分詞”,其否定式had not常縮寫為hadn抰。
2.過去完成時的用法
肯定式: I(You)
He(She, It) had worked.
We(You,They)
否定式: I(You)
He(She,It) had not/hadn't worked.
We(You, They)
疑問句: I(you)
Had he(she, it) worked......?
we(you,they)
簡單回答: I(you) I(you)
Yes, he(she,it) had.No,he(she, it) hadnot/hadn't/
we(you,they) we(you,they)
(1)表示在過去某一時間之前(也稱為“過去的過去”)已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作。常與“by/before+過去的時間”構成的短語連用。如:
How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term?
到上學期末,你們學了幾首英文歌?
I had never seen such a wonderful match before that day .
那天之前我從未看到過那樣精彩的比賽。
(2)用于以when,as,soon as,as......as,before,until,now,that引導的狀語從句或一些賓語從句中以表示動作發(fā)生的時間早于主句所表示的動作,可表示原因、動作先后等關系。如:
I saw Li Ping yesterday .We had not seen each other since I left Beijing .
我昨天見到了李平,自我離開北京以來,我們就沒見過面。
The train had just left when they got to the station.
當他們到達火車站時,火車剛剛開走。
(3)某些表示意愿、意圖等的動詞,如:think,hope,want.intend,plan,mean.等,其過去完成時常表示本來打算做而沒有做的事。如:
I had thought that all knew about it .
我還以為他們都知道這件事呢。
(實際上他們并不知道)
I had hoped that you would come,but you didn't.
我本希望你能來,可你沒有來。
(4)在No sooner...than...;Hardly(scarcely)..when...的結構中,前面的動詞多用過去完成時,如:
No sooner had he arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.
他剛到家就被要求作另一次旅行。
Hardly had we got into the country when it began to rain.
我們剛到鄉(xiāng)間就下雨了。
(5)用于表示與過去事實相反的虛擬條件從句
If he had seen you yesterday,he would have asked you about it .
假如他昨天看到你,他就會問你這件事了。
I should have called you if I had known your telephone number.
要是我知道你的電話號碼,我就給你打電話了。
3.用一般過去時代替過去完成時的情況
(1)含有動作已經(jīng)完成意義的動詞,如arrive,enter ,open等,當主句和從句的兩個動作緊緊相連時,
兩個動作都可以用一般過去時。如:
When I arrived at the station, I learnt the train had already left.
我一到車站,就聽說火車已經(jīng)開了。
When he entered the office, he heard the telephone ringing.
他一進入辦公室,就聽到電話鈴響了。
(2)由連詞before, after, as soon as等引導的從句,由于連詞本身意義已經(jīng)說明主句和從句兩個動作先后發(fā)生的關系,因此,兩個動作都可以用一般過去時。如:
After he closed(=had closed) the door, lefte the house.
他關好門后離開房子。
I telephoned you as soon as I got home.
我一到家,就給你打了電話。
過去將來時
1.過去將來時的構成
(1)過去將來時由“助動詞would+動詞原形”構成。且動詞would 常簡縮為“d”,例
如:“I'd,”“you'd”,“he'd”等;would not常簡縮為“wouldn抰”。
(2)過去將來時還可以用“was(were)+going to +動詞原形”來表示。
2.過去將來時的用法
(1)表示從過去某一時間看將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。在賓語從句里最常見。如:
I wondered why he wouldn't go with us.
我想知道,他為什么不和我們一起去。
They asked how they would go to Paris.
他們問他們將怎么去巴黎。
(2)過去將來時也可用“was/were going to +動詞原形”構成,表示曾經(jīng)打算或準備要做的動作。
如:
I thought it was going to rain soon.
我認為很快就會下雨。
She said she wasn't going to be free this Saturday.
她說她這個周六沒有空。
(3)過去將來時還可用“was/were+動詞不定式”或“was/were about+動詞不定式”結構,表示某種過去將來的意義。如:
She said that they were to see their English teacher the next week.
她說下個星期她們要去看她們的英語老師。
We were to finish the work in three days.
我們打算三天內(nèi)完成任務。
(4)過去將來時常用來表示過去的習慣性動作,這時往往有一個時間狀語陪襯。如:
Every evening she would teach us to read and write.
每天晚上她都來教我們文化。
Whenever he was free, he would drop in to have a chat.
每當他空閑時,他都會來聊一陣了。
典型考題精析
1.Mr. Li is not at home. He_______to Hunan.(湖南)
A. has been
B. has gone
C. has went
D. went
[答案]B。評析:本題應用現(xiàn)在完成時,本句句意是“李先生不在家,他去湖南了”。Has gone to 是“已經(jīng)去了,到?jīng)]到不清楚,反正還沒有回來”的意思,因而選B。誤選A,原因是把has been to 與has gone to 弄混,has been to 表示“去過了,已經(jīng)回來了。”
2. -Would you mind__________a few minutes?
-No,not at all.
A. wait
B. to wait
C. waited
D. waiting
[答案]D。評析:動詞mind后應使用動名詞做賓語,這類詞還有enjoy, finish ,keep, miss等。
3. How did you make the child_________while he was crying?
A. smile
B. to smile
C. smiles
D. smiled
[答案]A。評析:使役動詞make, let have 等后面接不帶to 的動詞不定式作賓語,故而選A。一些學生因缺乏對動詞不定式作賓補這一語法功能的理解,誤以為空格處應填謂語動詞,加之此題中基本時態(tài)為過去時,因而誤選D。還有些學生因不知使役動詞后應加不帶to的不定式這一用法而誤選B。
4.You'd better________more water, Tom, It is good for your health.
A. drink
B. drinking
C. to drink
D. drank
[答案]A。評析:had better do sth.是固定搭配,因而本句應選A,其否定形式為had better not do sth.
5.-Did you hear her _________this song?
-Sometimes.
A. sing
B. sang
C. singing
D. to sing
[答案]A。評析:本句句意是“你聽到過她唱首歌嗎?”“有時聽到過。”感官動詞see,hear feel,watck等詞后接不帶to的動詞不定式表示“看到或聽到動作的全過程。”根據(jù)題意,故先A.see, hear, fell, watch等詞后也可接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補,表示“看到或聽到動作正在進行”能的同學會受此干擾忽略了上下文的語境,而誤選C。
6.Cotton_________soft.
A. fells
B. felt
C. is feeling
D. is felt
[答案]A。評析:feel 作系動詞,意思是“摸起來”、“感覺”,接形容詞作表語,這類動詞還有smell, taste, sound等,它們一般與人或動物的感官有關,沒有語態(tài)變化,故答案為A。
7.-There's something wrong with my bike.
-It doesn't matter. I ________lend you mine.
A. am to
B. am going to
C. must
D. will
[答案]D。評析:be to 表示按計劃,安排將要發(fā)生的動作to be going to 表示按照安排發(fā)生的動作或即將發(fā)生的不受人的意志支配的將來的動作;must表示主觀“必須”要做的事情,均與對話語境不符。應填入表示主觀“意愿”、“意志”的情態(tài)動詞不達意will,答案為D.
8.-How long have you ________there?
-About four years.
A. come
B. gone
C. left
D. worked
[答案]D。評析:該題考查完成時態(tài)中,動詞和時間狀語的合理搭配。英語中,動詞按其動作發(fā)生過程的長短,可分為終止性動詞和延續(xù)性動詞。終止性動詞只能和表示“點”的時間狀語相搭配;延續(xù)性動詞和表示“段”的時間狀語相搭配。問句中的How long是表示“段”的時間狀語,因此只能和延續(xù)性動詞相搭配。四個選項只有D為延續(xù)性動詞,故為最佳選擇。
9.He_________the workers?struggles for better pay and better condidtions.
A. formed
B. found
C. put up
D. organized
[答案]A。評析:該題考查根據(jù)語境正確選擇動詞的能力。四個選項的動詞所表達的意思不同:formed形成;found發(fā)現(xiàn);put up 舉起,建立;organized組織。從題干中動詞的賓語the workers?struggles for better pay and better condidtions 判斷,正確答案為D。
10.They said they ________China for Japan.
A. are leaving
B. will leave
C. were leaving
D. leave
[答案]A。評析:該題考查用進行時表示將來的用法。Leave,to ,come ,start, begin,arrive 等動詞,可用進行時表示按照計劃或安排在最近或將來要做的事情。根據(jù)該句的時態(tài)和句意,答案應選C。
11 Listen! Someone_________in the next room.
A. cry
B. is crying
C. are crying
D. crying
[答案]B。評析:根據(jù)前邊祈使句Listen!的語境,表示當前正在進行的動作應用現(xiàn)在進行時,因主語是第三人稱單數(shù),助動詞應用is, 答案選B。如:Look! That monkey is eating bananas. 瞧!那只猴子正在吃香蕉!
12.If my parents _________free tomorrow,we _________for a picnic.
A. are ; go
B. are; will go
C. will be; will go
D. will be ; go
[答案]B。評析:按照英語動詞時態(tài)的呼應規(guī)律,在含有條件從句的主從復合句中,當主語為一般將來進,答案為B。如:If it is fine tomorrow,we抣l go swimming.如果明天天氣晴朗,我們將去游泳。
13.-Is he going to stay here long?
--________.
A. Yes,he will.
B. No,he won't.
C. Yes,he isn't.
D. No,he isn't.
[答案]D。評析:該題考查問句和答語的一致。雖然be going to 和will均表示將來,但卻是兩種不同的結構,故不可用be going to 提問,用will作答,排除A、B。Yes回答時,后面用肯定式;No回答時,后面用不定式,排除C,答案為D。
14.-When ________your aunt ________the party ?
--In 1995.
A. does; join
B. did; join
C. is; join
D. did; joined
[答案]B。評析:本題考查一般過去時的用法。由答語則知問句的謂語動詞應用一般過去時,本句為特殊疑問句,應將助動詞提前,謂語動詞用原形。
15.He told me he _________an English-Chinese dictionary yet .
A. hadn't bought
B. hadn't bought
C. woukdn't buy
D. wasn't going to buy
[答案]A。評析:本題考查過去完成時的用法,即過去的過去。在賓語從句中,當主句謂語動詞用過去時,則從句應用相應的過去形式,故排除B;句中副詞yet常與完成時態(tài)連用,不能與將來時連用。答案為A。
16.The teacher told his students that the earth _______bigger than the moon.
A. was
B. be
C. is
D. were
[答案]C。 評析:本題考查賓語從句與主句時態(tài)的一致性。一般地說,若主句用過去時,從句應該用相應的過去時形式。但從句所述內(nèi)容表示客觀事實或真理時,仍用一般現(xiàn)在是,答案C。
17.I_________the answer now.
A. know
B. knows
C. am knows
D. was knowing
[答案]A。 評析:本題考查某些不能用進行時態(tài)的動詞的用法。英語中并非所有的動詞都有進行進態(tài),初中階段所學的不能用現(xiàn)在進行時的動詞包括:know(知道),forget(忘記),remember(記住),hear(聽見),see(看到),want(想),hope(希望),have(有)等。
專項強化精練
1. --It must be on Channel 2.Try that.
--I _______that.But I still can't get anything.
A. will try
B. try
C. have tried
D. tried
2 .We'll go for a picnic if it ______this Friday.
A. won't rain
B. isn't raining
C. doesn't rain
D. don't rain
3. I'm sorry.Mr.White can't see you now . He _______a meeting.
A. has
B. has had
C. is having
D. will have
4. I'm really getting too fat .From now on ,I ________more exercise and eat less food.
A. do
B. am doing
C. have done
D. will do
5.I don't know if he will come.If he ________please let me know .
A. will come
B. come
C. comes
D. is coming
6. I wasn't at home yesterday.I _________to help with the harvest on the farm.
A. asked
B. was asked
C. was asking
D. had asked
7.--I can find few children in the classroom. Where are they ?
--They _______the World Cup Football Games on TV in the hall.
A.watch
B.have watched
C.watching
D.are watching
8.“Harry Potter”is a very nice film.I _________it twice.
A.will see
B.have seen
C.saw
D.see
9.Linda often _______her homework in the evening,but this evening she ________TV.
A.does; watches
B.is doing; is watching
C.does; is watching
D.is doing; watches
10.I first mte Mary three years ago.She ________at a radio shop at the time.
A.has worked
B.works
C.was working
D.will work
11.--Where is the librarian?
--She ________to that bookshop.
A.went
B.has gone
C.goes
D.has been
12.It's about ten months since the boy _________a Young Pioneer.
A. became
B. has become
C. has been
D. had been
13.--Where is Mr.Green now?Ihaven't seen him for a few days.
--He _________to Hong Kong.
A.goes
B.will go
C.is going
D.has gone
14.--Oh,Mrs.King your necklace looks nice.Is it new?
--No,I_______it for two years.
A.had
B.have had
C.bought
D.have bouhgt
15.--It's more and more important to protect our earth.
--I agree with you .If everyone _______acontribution.
A.make
B.makes
C.will make
D.made
16.He won't leave his office until he _______hid work.
A.will finish
B.finishes
C.is finishing
D.finish
17.--Have you ever _______Lintong to see Terra Cotta Warriors?
--Yes,I have.
A.went to
B.gone to
C.been in
D.been to
18.I'm sorry you’ve missed the train .It __________10 minutes ago .
A.left
B.has left
C.had left
D.had been left
19.--Did you see Tom at the party ?
--No, he __________by the time I got there .
A.left
B.was leaving
C.had left
D.has left
答案:
1-5 CCCDC
6-10 BDBCC
11-15 BADBB
16-19 BDAC