1.(2007年全國卷)-The last one_________pays the meal.
-Agreed!
A.arrived
B.arrives
C.to arrive
D.arriving Key:C
解析 中心詞為the last,the only,the next或是受到the last,the only,the next修飾時,要用不定式作定語。
2.(2007年全國卷)-It’s a long time since I saw my sister.
-_________her this weekend?
A.Why not visit
B.Why not to visit
C.Why not visiting
D.Why don’t visit Key:A
解析 Why not…意為“為什么不……呢?”用于提出建議。Why not后面必須接動詞原形,即Why not do….
3.(2007年北京卷)-Excuse me sir.where is Room 301?
-Just a minute.I’ll have Bob_________you to your room.
A.show
B.shows
C.to show
D.showing Key:A
解析 have sb do sth意為“命令或安排某人做某事”,使役動詞make,let,have接賓語補足語省略不定式to。根據提供的情景可判斷出讓Bob帶你到房間去。have sb doing sth表示“使某人一直處于某種狀態中”。
4.(2007年浙江卷)-The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle_________.
A.to be heard
B.to have heard
C.hearing
D.being heard Key:A
解析 不定式做目的狀語,表示had to struggle的目的是想讓別人聽見自己所說的話。因為I是hear的邏輯賓語,所以要用不定式的被動式作狀語,表示被動。
5.(2007年重慶卷)Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519)_________birds kept in cages in order tohave the pleasure of setting them free.
A.is said to be buying
B.is said to have bought
C.had said to buy
D.had said to have bought Key:B
解析 be said to do sth意為“據說做某事”。不定式的動作發生在is said之前,所以要用不定式的完成時。不定式的完成時表示不定式的動作在謂語表示的動作(狀態)之前。
6.(2007年江西卷)When asked why he went there,he said he was sent there_________fora space flight.
A.training
B.being trained
C.to have trained
D.to be trained Key:D
解析 不定式作目的狀語,表示做某事的目的。不定式的被動語態表示被動,根據he和train的關系可確定用不定式的被動語態,表示“受訓”。“V+ing”形式的被動語態的一般式表示這個被動的動作正在進行。選項A和C分別是“V+ing”形式和不定式的完成時,都不表示被動,所以是錯誤的。
不定式是歷年高考必考的內容。不定式在句子中可做主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和賓語補足語。高考側重考查其作賓語、定語、目的狀語、表語的功能以及不帶to的用法。高考對不定式的考查并不僅限于考查一般形式,而更多的是考查它的進行時、完成時、被動語態、完成被動語態等較復雜的結構。
一、不定式做主語
不定式做主語一般表示具體的某次動作。例如:
To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge.
當主語較長,謂語較短時,常用it做形式主語,而將不定式放到謂語的后面。例如:
It is important for modem young people to master at least two foreign languages.
it做形式主語,不定式放在謂語動詞之后常用于下列結構中:
(1)It is+形容詞(easy,important,difficult,foolish,inconvenient,right,wrong)+(for/of sb)+不定式。不定式結構所表示的動作是誰做的,即不定式的邏輯主語,通常可以通過for sbto do sth結構表達。在某些形容詞(如:careless,clever,considerate,foolish,good,impolite,kind,naughty,nice,silly,stupid等)作表語時,不定式后可以加of來引出其邏輯主語。例如:
It is important for us young people to learn English and master it.
It is very kind of you to tell me the truth.
(2)It is+noun(a pleasure,a pity,a pleasant thing,one’s duty,an honor,a crime,no easyiob)+不定式。例如:
It is a glorious death to die for the people.
(3)It takes(sb)some time(hours,months,days,a lot of time,patience)+不定式。例如:
It takes me three hours to learn English each day.
二、不定式作表語
不定式作表語常表示將來的動作,主語常常是表示意向、打算、計劃的詞,如wish,idea,task,purpose,duty等。例如:
What I wanted was to get the work done as quickly as possible.
“wh+不定式”結構,可以在句中作主語或者表語。例如:When to start the program remains undecided.The question is how to put the plans into practice.
三、不定式作賓語
不定式作賓語有兩種:一種是及物動詞后直接跟to的不定式,另一種是“及物動詞+疑問句+不定式”。
(1)及物動詞后直接跟to的不定式結構。這類動詞常見的有:afford,agree,aim,appear,ask,believe,eare,claim,decide,demand,desire,determine,expect,fail,happen,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,long,manage,offer,pretend,promise,prepare,refuse,seek,sweat,undertake,want,wish等。例如:
She failed to finish the assignment intime.and she was worried about it.
The stranger offered to show me the way.
(2)動詞+疑問代(副)詞+不定式。這類動詞常見的有:know,see,decide,tell,ask,consider.discover,explain,find out,forget,guess,hear,imagine,inquire,learn,observe,perceive,remember,think,understand,wonder等。常用的疑問代(副)詞有what,when,where,which,how,whether等,但不包括why。例如:
You can decide whether to continue or to stop.
I couldn’t decide which book to choose.
有時,不定式可由it代替,而把不定式放到后面去。可以用這一結構表達:動詞(find,think,consider,believe,consider,declare,feel,guess,imagine,prove,realize,suppose等)+it+形容詞+不定式。例如:
We found it impossible to get everything ready in time.
I think it important to learn Ennlish well in college.
四、不定式作狀語
(1)不定式作狀語表示目的。常用于so as和in order之后,來強調這種目的。例如:
In order to learn a foreign language well.you must make pains taking efforts.
(2)不定式表示結果,特別是在so…as to,such…as to,only to…以及too…to等結構中的不定式表示結果。例如:
Would you be so kind as to carry the luggage for me?
(3)不定式常用來修飾形容詞,構成下列詞組:he able to,be afraid to,be apt to,be boundto,be certain to,be easy to,be eager to,be fit to,be likely to,be ready to,be sure to,be unableto,be unwilling to,be willing to等。例如:
I am willing to help you with your homework.for we are friends.
五、不定式作賓語補語
不定式常跟在下列動詞之后作賓語補語:ask,advise,allow,beg,cause,compel,command,enable,encourage,expect,feel,force,find,hear,have,inform,invite,let,make,mean,notice,order,permit,persuade,remind,request,teach,tell,urge,watch,warn等。例如:
He asked you to call him at ten o’clock.
The note reminds me to be careful whatever I do.
當不定式在let,make,have,hear,look at,listen to,feel,observe,watch,notice,perceive等動詞后面作賓語補足語時,不定式不帶to。例如:
Whenever something is wrong with you.please do let me know.
六、不定式作定語
(1)不定式作定語通常要放在其所修飾的名詞或代詞之后。
不定式常作下列名詞的定語:attempt,ability,anything,chance,desire,determination,decision,effort,failure,intention,need,opportunity,plan等。例如:
His efforts to carry out the plan were successful.
特別注意的是在不定式與其修飾的名詞有動賓關系時,要根據句子的需要在不定式后加適當的介詞.這個介詞的選用取決于被修飾的名詞或不定式本身的要求。例如:
She is a very nice person to work with.
由only,last,next,序數詞或形容詞最高級修飾的名詞常用不定式作定語。例如:
Mr Zhang is always the first mall to arrive at the office and the last man to leave.
七、不帶to的不定式
動詞不定式通常帶to,但在有些搭配中不帶to,在另一些搭配中可帶to可不帶to。歸納起來,以下情況使用不帶to不定式:
(1)在can/could,may/might,will/would,must,need,dare等情態動詞之后,動詞不定式不帶to。
(2)在表示感覺意義的動詞,如see,feel,watch,notice,smell,hear,observe等后,或是表示“使役”動詞,如have,let,make等后,動詞不定式不帶to。例如:
I often heard him say that he would study hard.
Aftcr he had finishcd speaking,I madc him answer innumcrablc qucstions.
但是,當這類結構變為被動語態時,不帶to的不定式一般轉換為帶to的不定式。例如:
He was often heard to say that be would study hard.
After he had finished speaking,he was made to answer innumerable questions.
(3)在動詞help之后可用不帶to的不定式,也可用帶to的不定式。例如:
He helps the old lady(to)carry the heavy box.
(4)在would rather…than(寧愿……也不),had better…(最好),can’t help but…(不得不),had rather…(寧愿),cannot but…(不得不,必然),may/might as well…(不妨),let alone(更不用說)等搭配之后,動詞不定式也不帶to。例如:
Unless you feel too ill to go out,I would rather not stay at home tonight.
You’d better return the books to the library on time.Otherwise.you will be fined.
(5)在介詞but,except之后,如果其前有動詞do的某種形式,其后不定式一般不帶to,反之則必然帶to,表示“不得不,只能”。例如:
He will do anything except work on the farm.
I had no choice but to wait till it stopped raining.
(6)緊跟在why或why not之后的動詞不定式總是不帶to的。但是,緊跟在who,what,which,whether等連接詞后的不定式帶to。例如:
Why not ask your teacher when you don’t understand the meaning?
You needn’t decide yet whether to study arts or science.
八、不定式的完成時和進行時
1.如果不定式所表示的動作(狀態)發生在主要謂語動作之前,那么不定式就要用其完成時,其結構為to+have done。
2.如果主要謂語動作(情況)發生時,不定式所表示的動作正在發生,那么不定式就要用其進行時,其結構為to+be doing。例如:
She feels relaxed to have finished writing her thesis before the deadline.
When you called me last night.I happened to be working on the computer.
九、不定式的被動語態形式
當不定式的邏輯主語是動作的承受者時,不定式要用被動語態形式,包括它的一般時和完成時。例如:
For twelve years.Spanish censorship did not allow Lorca’s name to be mentioned andhis works to be published.
The snow was supposed to have blown off the mountain.
十、不定式的否定形式
否定形式是在不定式的標志to前加not。例如:
I decided not to ask him again.
Please remember not to leave the lights on when are out.