摘 要:篇章語言學(xué)研究使用中的語言,它研究的重點(diǎn)之一是篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)。謀篇布局策略是語篇分析的內(nèi)容之一,它是語篇生產(chǎn)者在交際的過程中,為實(shí)現(xiàn)一定的交際目的,對語言內(nèi)容和形式的選擇。謀篇布局策略的研究給外語教學(xué),尤其是寫作教學(xué)提供了有利的依據(jù)。以主位結(jié)構(gòu)、主位推進(jìn)模式和語篇模式為切入點(diǎn)來探討謀篇布局策略對大學(xué)英語寫作教學(xué)的啟示。
關(guān)鍵詞:大學(xué)英語;寫作;謀篇布局
中圖分類號:G42文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A文章編號:1672-3198(2008)03-0214-02
1 句內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的教學(xué)
在評閱學(xué)生作文時,經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的文章有口語化傾向。學(xué)生對于句子內(nèi)部各成分的展開是隨意的、沒有規(guī)劃和安排的,學(xué)生所寫的句子,就是他們說話的筆錄。主位-述位結(jié)構(gòu)的學(xué)習(xí)對這個問題的解決會有所幫助。在課堂上,通過集體閱讀、舉例介紹、講解分析在不同語言環(huán)境中句子建構(gòu)的策略,同時讓學(xué)生通過模仿例句完成給定的寫作任務(wù),比如,句子構(gòu)建、句子重組、句子句子續(xù)寫等,來使學(xué)生掌握句子內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的安排。
例如:
[1.a]The cat ate the rat.
[1.b]The rat was eaten by the cat.
在[1.a]中,談話的起點(diǎn)是貓,是交際的雙方都了解的對象,可以回答,那只貓干什么啦?而[1.b]則是用以回答,老鼠怎么啦?如果將這兩個句子用在語篇中,它們的上下文一定是不同的,因為它們傳遞了不同的交際目的。
例如:將關(guān)鍵詞連詞成句,分別以books, mankind作為句子的主位。(books important mankind history culture)
學(xué)生將它表達(dá)為:
[2.a]Books are to mankind are very important. They tell us the history,culture and other things that we don't know.
[2.b]To us mankind,books are very important.They tell us history,culture and what we; don't know.
那么著兩個句子的論述的起點(diǎn)就不同,1.a以書為討論的起點(diǎn),1.b則以人作為話題的開始。那么在不同的上下文中對于同一個意義的表達(dá)會表現(xiàn)出不同的句子結(jié)構(gòu)的安排。
選擇一個句子完成對話。
[3.a]What happened to you?
[3.b]The car hit me.
[3.c]I was hit by the car.
根據(jù)主位結(jié)構(gòu)理論,[3.c]答案以交際雙方的共知的信息為談話出發(fā)點(diǎn),更符合人們對信息接受由已知到未知的心理期待。
2 句際結(jié)構(gòu)的教學(xué)
在結(jié)構(gòu)上,主位結(jié)構(gòu)是語篇的謀篇機(jī)制之一,它以線性和層次性兩種方式把語篇句子所談?wù)摰脑掝}聯(lián)系起來,共同組成不同層次的大話題,最后體現(xiàn)語篇總話題。通過主位推進(jìn)模式及其分析的教學(xué),幫助學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)、理解、掌握句與句之間聯(lián)系的規(guī)律,并將它們應(yīng)用到寫作中,這可以幫助學(xué)生合理地把句子聯(lián)結(jié)成銜接連貫的語段或語篇。
首先舉例分析、講解各種不同的主位推進(jìn)模式,之后設(shè)計不同的任務(wù)讓學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)運(yùn)用這些語篇模式,例如可以讓學(xué)生將打亂順序的句子按照要求的主位推進(jìn)模式連接成段,按要求改寫句子,在不同的句子中選擇句子連接一個段落使其發(fā)展符合某一個主位推進(jìn)的模式,或者讓學(xué)生按某一個主位推進(jìn)模式來構(gòu)建一個段落。
例如:將以下打亂順序的句子[3.a],運(yùn)用平行型主位推進(jìn)模式,重新組合成一個語義連貫的段落句子(3.b).
[4.a] Some suggested the Guanting Reservior.
Then someone said:“Why not go back to Anchuang for a visit?”
We were discussing where to go for an outing during the spring holiday.
Others wanted to see the Great Wall.
[4.b]We(T1)were discussing where to go for an outgoing during the spring holidays. Some (T2)suggested the Guanting Reservoir. Others(T3) wanted to see the Great Wall. Thensomeone(T4)said:“Why not go back to Anchuang for a visit?”
這些主位推進(jìn)的模式是語言學(xué)家在分析了大量的語篇、語料后歸納總結(jié)出來的,但是任何一個語篇并不都是按照某一個模式發(fā)展下來形成。每一個語篇都是一個、兩個或者多個主位推進(jìn)模式的綜合體。但是,具體到一個語段,為了某種特定的目的,語篇生產(chǎn)者可能會采用某一種主位推進(jìn)模式來發(fā)展這個語段。
在掌握主位推進(jìn)的基本模式之后,鼓勵學(xué)生模仿運(yùn)用多種主位交叉推進(jìn)的模式。
3 段落的發(fā)展
段落的發(fā)展呈現(xiàn)出不同的模式,筆者在教學(xué)中首先引導(dǎo)學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)并分析語篇的發(fā)展特點(diǎn),采用確定語段內(nèi)容,讓學(xué)生應(yīng)用某一種語篇發(fā)展模式來寫作,或者以命題作文的方式來寫作等方法幫助學(xué)生模仿應(yīng)用語篇模式,寫出邏輯清晰,結(jié)構(gòu)合理,主題突出的文章。
在段落發(fā)展的教學(xué)中,以學(xué)生閱讀范文,師生共同分析并找出規(guī)律,學(xué)生模仿寫作,參照范文來對比分析學(xué)生作文的問題。
例如:布置學(xué)生完成一篇文章,寫人們外出旅游帶相機(jī),為消除安檢時x射線損害膠卷而購買鉛線袋這個事實(shí)的敘述,然后對照學(xué)生的作文分析以下示范語篇。
[5]Most people like to take a camera with them when they travel abroad. But all airports have X-ray security screening and X-rays damage the film. One solution to this problem is to purchase a specially designed lead-line pouch. There are cheap and can protect film from all but strongest X rays.
在例[5]中,第一個句子提供一個情景,第二句提出問題,第三句用solution一詞告訴讀者問題解決的辦法。
McCarthy(1991:78-81)認(rèn)為在提出問題-解決問題(problem-solution)的語篇模式中,表示解決問題的語句中往往含有solution,answer,outcome,effect,result等詞語。因此,在類似的語篇中,學(xué)生可以采用這個模式。(學(xué)生的閱讀、發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)律、分析范文)
[6]Every other critic has said that On Food and Cooking is brilliant,a revelation,and a unique combination of scientific insight and literacy which sweeps aside all myth and jargon as none have done before. McGee's book is indeed well written,is full of good things and is good to have on the shelves as a continuing source of relevance and quotes. But it also has its fair share of mistakes,omissions and mis alignments of emphasis.
第一個句子是假設(shè)-真實(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)中的假設(shè)部分,作者向讀者介紹了大多數(shù)人對此書的評價,直到句末,作者都沒有明確表示是要支持還是要駁斥、反對。然而在第二、三個句子中,作者表明了自己的觀點(diǎn),首先是對此書的優(yōu)點(diǎn)加以陳述,然后作者為什么有不同的看法進(jìn)行了論述。
[7]A poem differs froth most prose in several ways. For one,both writer end reader tend to regard it differently. The poet's attitude is as if,sticking his neck out,he were to his say: I offer this piece of writing to be read not as prose but as a poem-this is,more perceptively,thoughtfully,and considerably,with more attention to sounds and connotations. This is a great deal to expect,but in return,the reader has a right to his own experiences. He approaches the poem in the anticipation of out-of-the ordinary knowledge and pleasure.
第一個句子是一個概括句,提出詩歌與散文存在差異。后面的第一、二、三句分別從不同的側(cè)面進(jìn)行論述的具體的差異。
語篇模式的分析和教學(xué),使學(xué)生能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)和理解語段和語段之間聯(lián)系的內(nèi)在規(guī)律,但是他們在具體的寫作任務(wù)中依然存在一些問題。因此在教學(xué)中,對學(xué)生作文進(jìn)行分析,使他們及時地發(fā)現(xiàn)并糾正這些問題,才能使學(xué)生的作文能力得以提高。
(要求學(xué)生完成這一命題作文,然后集體講解和改寫)
例如[8.a](引自學(xué)生作文:Smoking Helps Thinking?):
[8.a]Some people make sure that smoking can help them think problems and then handle them. Because sometime maybe something is an obstacle to go on solving problems. By smoking,it can excite their thought and nerve, which make them full of energy. In my opinion,smoking can't help thinking. It may disorder attention. It says that don't divide the heart to use. Moreover,smoking has much bad and serious defect. For example,it harms health and effect the progress of thinking. Can it help thinking? Some famous experts think it uncertain. However,they have done experiments to prove it.
改寫后的學(xué)生作文:
[8.b]Some people smoke habitually while writing,reading or doing something else. Even being confronted with objections,they still keep and often defend themselves by claiming smoking helps thinking. They say smoking excite them when they are tired, inspire them when they are thinking. However,it is not true. Till now,there is no solid evidence to support it. The person concentrates on what he is doing,he is unnecessary to be excited. Sometimes smoking is a distraction for him. In addition,smoking harms physical health of both the smoker and the non-smoker around.It is said that smoking contributes too many of serious diseases such as lung cancer, throat cancer and so on. In a word,smoking does not help thinking,while it does spoil your health.
在[8.a]學(xué)生所寫的語段中,從整個結(jié)構(gòu)來看,雖然有一個主張-反主張模式的雛形,但是兩個部分的劃分和語篇結(jié)構(gòu)的安排還不是特別明晰,主位變化多樣,語義跳躍,不符合英語語篇的發(fā)展規(guī)律。而且對于兩個主題(主張)的論述也很泛泛,所以缺乏說服力,在改寫后的[8.b]中,應(yīng)用了主張-反主張語篇發(fā)展模式。主張、反主張的提出明白,直接了當(dāng)。同時還注意了主位-述位的推進(jìn)順序的安排。使得句與句之間的銜接合理,通順,段與段之間的過度很流暢,有章可循,語義表達(dá)自然、連貫。
通過語篇模式的分析和教學(xué),學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)和理解語段和語段之間聯(lián)系的內(nèi)在規(guī)律,之后能掌握規(guī)律,并且有意識地在規(guī)律的指導(dǎo)之下,依照一定的線索來發(fā)展語篇,可以糾正學(xué)生語篇結(jié)構(gòu)混亂,段落過渡不當(dāng)或不自然,層次雜亂無序,敘述無章可循,文章缺乏整體性的問題。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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