非謂語動詞包括動詞不定式、分詞和動名詞三種形式。它既是中學英語中重要的語法,也是高考的必考點。現就這一語言現象歸納如下。
一、 不定式
1.不定式由“ to+動詞原形”構成。其否定形式是“not to+動詞原形”,若加強語氣可用“never to+動詞原形”。不定式不能作謂語,但可以充當主語、表語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語和狀語。
2.不定式的時態和語態。
(1)一般時。一般時表示的動作,有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生,有時發生在謂語動詞的動作之后。
(2004年北京卷)My adviser encouraged ______ a summer course to improve my writing skills.
A.for me takingB.me takingC.for me to takeD.me to take Key:D
(2)進行時。表示動作正在進行,與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生。
They seem to be talking about you.
(3)完成時。表示的動作發生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。
(2007年重慶卷)Leonardo da Vinci(1452—1519)______ birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free.
A.is said to be buying B.is said to have bought
C.had said to buyD.has said to have bought Key:B
(4)完成進行時。
She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.
3.不定式所作的句子成分。
(1)作主語。
Not to have a correct goal is like having no soul.
(2)作表語。不定式可放在be動詞后面,形成表語。
The important thing you do is ______ your balance.
A.kept B.being kept C.to have kept D.keep
解析 如果不定式對前面do的意思作精確解釋,不定式符號to可省略,故答案選D。
(3)作賓語。
(2005年天津卷)I don’t want ______ like I’m speaking ill of anybody,but the manager’s plan is unfair.
A.to soundB.to be soundedC.soundingD.to have sounded Key:A
(4)作賓語補足語。
Father will not allow us to play on the street.
(5)作定語。不定式作定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后。
He is the man to send it.(the man是動作的執行者)
He is the man to be sent.(the man是動作的承受者)
考點拓展
①不定式作定語時,不定式與被修飾的詞構成動賓關系。
I have some food to eat.
②不定式作定語時,不定式常表示將來。
(2005年湖南卷)I send you 100 dollars today,the rest ______ in a year.
A.followsB.followedC.to followD.being followed Key:C
③個別的不定式作定語時,不定式與被修飾的詞有主謂或同位關系。
(2007年全國卷)—The last one ______ pays the meal.
—Agreed!
A.arrivedB.arrivesC.to arriveD.arriving Key:C
④不定式如果是不及物動詞或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、工具等,不定式后面須有相應的介詞。
The chair looks rather hard,but in fact it is very comfortable to ______.
A.sit B.sit on C.be seat D.be sat on
解析 如果不定式為不及物動詞,其后應加上相應的介詞,故答案選B。
⑤不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time,place或way時,不定式后面的介詞習慣上可省略。
Here is the way to come every day.
(6)作狀語。
①目的狀語。
(2006年廣東卷)______ this cake,you’ll need two eggs,175g sugar and 175g flour.
A.Having madeB.MakeC.To makeD.Making Key:C
②表示出乎預料的結果,要放在句子后面。
(2006年陜西卷)He hurried to the booking office only ______ that all the tickets had been sold out.
A.to tell B.to be told C.telling D.told Key:B
(7)其他用法。
①疑問詞+不定式。
疑問詞+不定式可做主語、賓語、表語等。
How to deal with waste is a big problem.
I don’t know what to write about.
②不定式的復合結構。
如果表示對某人的性格、品德進行描述,或對某人表示贊揚或指責,用It is of sb to do sth;其他情況則用It is for sb to do sth。
It’s very nice of you to help me.
It’s very important for us to learn English well.
③如果一個不定式在第二次出現時,可以省略其動詞,但要保留to。
(1998年上海卷)—Does your brother intend to study German?
—Yes,he intends ______.
A./B.toC.soD.that Key:B
④用and連接幾個不定式時,只保留第一個to。
It is necessary to read and write.
(8)不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。
在系表結構中,在difficult,easy,hard,interesting,pleasant,nice,fit,dangerous等詞后的不定式常用主動表示被動。
The fish is not fit to eat.
二、 分詞
分詞分為現在分詞和過去分詞。現在分詞有一般時和完成時。一般時表示和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生的行為,完成時(having+過去分詞)表示在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發生的動作。
1.現在分詞。現在分詞的時態和語態:有一般時、完成時,主動語態和被動語態之分。
(1)一般時。表示和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生的行為。
(2007年全國卷)At the beginning of class,the noise of desks ______ could be heard outside the classroom.
A.opened and closed B.to be opened and closed
C.being opened and closed D.to open and close Key:C
(2)完成時。表示分詞所表示的動作先于主句謂語動詞發生。
(2005年江西卷)The manager,______ it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us,left the meeting room.
A.who has madeB.having madeC.madeD.making Key:B
(3)現在分詞的用法。
①作狀語。分詞或分詞短語作狀語時,可表原因、時間、行為方式和伴隨狀況等。
(2007年北京卷)He is a student at Oxford University,______ for a degree in computer science.
A.studiedB.studyingC.to have studiedD.to be studying Key:B
當分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語不一致時,分詞必須有自己的主語。
It being fine,we want to go out.
②作定語。通常單個的分詞做定語時,放在被修飾的名詞之前,分詞短語做定語時,放在被修飾的名詞之后。
(2001年上海卷)The bell ______ the end of the period rang,______ our heated discussion.
A.indicating;interrupting B.indicated;interrupting
C.indicating;interruptedD.indicated;interruptedKey:A
③作表語。作表語多表示主語所具有的特征。
The story is astonishing.
④作補足語。動詞see,watch,hear,feel,find,get,keep,observe,notice,let,have后可接補足語。
(2007年北京卷)—Excuse me sir,where is Room 301?
—Just a minute.I’ll have Bob ______ you to your room.
A.show B.shows C.to show D.showingKey:A
⑤常見的現在分詞作介詞的有:including(包括),following(在……之后)。
Following this quarrel,they understand each other much better.
2.過去分詞。過去分詞表示在謂語動詞之前發生的動作,本身有被動和完成的含義,所以只有一般時沒有完成時;而不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語不表示被動,只表示主動和完成的含義。
(1)作定語。過去分詞作定語通常表示完成的或被動的動作。
(2007年湖南卷)Things ______ never come again!I couldn’t help talking to myself.
A.lostB.losingC.to loseD.have lost Key:A
(2)作表語。通常表示主語所處的狀態或感受。
(2007年山東卷)Please remain ______ until the plane has come to a complete stop.
A.to seat B.to be seated C.seating D.seated Key:D
(3)作賓語補足語。
I found him seated under a tree,reading a book.
(4)作狀語。
(2007年四川卷)The flowers his friend gave him will die unless ______ every day.
A.wateredB.wateringB.waterD.to waterKey:A
三、 動名詞
動名詞由V-ing構成,具有動詞和名詞的性質,在句中起名詞作用,可作主語、表語、賓語和定語。
1.動名詞的時態與語態。動名詞的時態有一般時和完成時兩種,如果動名詞的動作與謂語動作同時發生或相差不多,動名詞用一般時即可。
(1)動名詞的一般時。
(2007年江西卷)—Can I smoke here?
—Sorry.We don’t allow ______ here.
A.people smokingB.people smokeC.to smokeD.smoking Key:D
(2)動名詞的完成時。表示的動作發生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。
She regretted having missed the film.
2.動名詞的用法。
(1)作主語。
(2005年北京卷)It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview.______ the answers ready will be of great help.
A.To have had B.Having had C.Have D.Having Key:D
(2)作表語。
Her job is sweeping the floor.
(3)作賓語。
(2005年上海卷)He got well?鄄prepared for the job interview,for he couldn’t risk ______ the good opportunity.
A.to lose B.losing
C.to be lostD.being lost Key:B
注意:
①動名詞與不定式都可作賓語,且意義相同的有:like,love,hate,begin,start,continue,prefer。
②動名詞與不定式作賓語意義不同,不定式指要做而還沒做的事,而動名詞則表示已做過的事。這些詞有:forget,go on,mean,regret,remember,stop,try等。
She regretted missing the lecture.
She regretted to tell him that he has failed.
③need,want,require三個動詞,當主語是動作的承受者時,后面的賓語有兩種形式,即:need/want/require+doing/to be done。
(2007年陜西卷)As a result of the serious flood,two-thirds of the buildings in the area ______.
A.need repairing B.needs to repair
C.needs repairingD.need to repair Key:A
(4)作定語。
He has a reading room.
This is a walking stick.
(5)動名詞的復合結構形式為:名詞所有格或物主代詞+doing。有時由物主代詞或人稱代詞賓格、名詞所有格或普通格加動名詞構成。在句子開頭必須用名詞所有格或物主代詞。
His coming made me very happy.
He didn’t mind her crying.
(1998年上海卷)What worried the child most was ______ to visit his mother in the hospital.
A.his not allowed
B.his not being allowed
C.his being not allowed
D.having not been allowed Key:B
在口語中可用普通格或賓格,但在句子開頭必須用名詞所有格或物主代詞。
(2005年安徽卷)I really can’t understand ______ her like that.
A.you treatB.you to treat
C.why treatD.you treating Key:D