Ｖ－ｉｎｇ形式學習三要素

張彥軍

V-ing形式是英語非謂語動詞的重要內容，也是高考的熱點考點。筆者認為，學習V-ing形式應掌握以下三個方面。

一、掌握V-ing形式的基本用法

1. 作主語

Making a speech in English is too difficult for me.

用英語作演講對我來說太難了。

V-ing形式作主語時，也可用it作形式主語，常見于下列結構：

Its no use/good/useless doing something.

Its a waste of time (money)/worthwhile doing something.

There is no use doing something.

例如：Its no use crying over spilt milk. 后悔沒有用。

2. 作賓語

(1)appreciate, avoid, bear, consider, dislike, delay, enjoy, escape, finish, hate, imagine, keep(on), mind, miss, practise, postpone, resist, risk, stand, suggest等動詞及be used to, devote…to…, prefer…to…, cant help, feel like, insist on, put off, be worth等動詞短語后必須接V-ing作賓語。

The squirrel was so lucky that it missed being caught.

那只松鼠很幸運，沒有被抓住。

I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. 我簡直不能想象彼得在五天之內就橫渡了大西洋。

(2) remember, try, stop, regret, forget, go on, mean, cant help 等動詞后跟V-ing形式與不定式作賓語表達意義不同，見下表。

比較：Seeing my mother cleaning the room, I cant help doing it, too.

看到媽媽在打掃房間我也禁不住干起來。

I cant help (to) do the cleaning, because I am busy making a cake.

我不能幫忙打掃房間，因為我在忙著做蛋糕。

I tried to remember to post the letters on my way to work, but I forgot to do so. 我想著在上班的路上把這些信件寄走，但還是忘了。

3. 作介詞賓語

幾乎所有介詞后面均可接V-ing形式作賓語。

Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to setting up some schools for poor children.

瑞德先生決定把全部積蓄奉獻出來為窮困孩子蓋幾所學校。

Tony was unhappy for not having been invited to the party.

因未被邀請參加晚會，托尼很不高興。

4. 作表語

作表語常見于下列用法：

(1)說明主語的內容，若就其提問，用what。

My hobby is collecting stamps.

我的業余愛好是集郵。（collecting stamps說明我的業余愛好，就其提問是：What is your hobby? ）

(2)說明主語的性質和特征，若就其提問用how。

The flowers in the garden are very inviting.

花園中的花很誘人。（inviting說明花園中花的性質是“很誘人”，就其提問是：How are the flowers in the garden?）

5. 作定語

(1)V-ing單獨作定語時，放在所修飾的名詞前面。

a. 說明被修飾名詞的用途。

a sleeping car 一節臥輔車廂 drinking water 飲用水

a flying suit 一件飛行衣

b. 表正在進行或主動的動作，與所修飾的詞有邏輯上的主謂關系，可轉化為相應的定語從句。

He looked up at the falling leaves in the sky. (the falling leaves=the leaves which are falling) 他抬起頭，看到空中下落的樹葉。

c. 表被修飾名詞的性質特點，其作用相當于一個形容詞，也可轉化為相應的定語從句。

Everyone present was moved to tears at the moving story. (the moving story=the story which is moving) 在場的每個人都被那個動人的故事感動得流下眼淚。（“動人”是故事的性質特點，所以應用V-ing形式作定語。）

(2)V-ing短語作定語時，放在所修飾的名詞后，表正在進行的動作。

Who is the boy lying under the big tree? （Who is the boy that is lying under the big tree?） 躺在大樹下面的那個男孩是誰？

6. 作賓語補足語

V-ing形式可接在某些感官動詞（如hear, see, notice, observe, feel, find, catch等）及表“致使”意義的動詞（如have, keep, leave, set, send等）之后作賓語補足語，表正在進行的或持續性動作。例如：

He looked around and caught a man putting his hand into the pocket of a passenger.

他環顧四周，正好瞧見一個人把手伸進一位乘客的口袋里。

7. 作狀語

(1)V-ing可在句中作時間狀語、原因狀語、條件狀語、方式狀語和伴隨狀語等。(前面已講過，在此不贅述)

(2)V-ing作狀語時，其邏輯主語為句子的主語，因此應保持人稱、數的一致性。

誤：While looking at a map, a policeman came over and asked if he could help us.

正：While we were looking at a map, a policeman came over and asked if he could help us.

析：looking at的邏輯主語應是we，而不是a policeman。

但有些現在分詞短語用來表示說話人對所述內容持有的態度和看法，這時，現在分詞的邏輯主語和句子的主語不一致。這樣的現在分詞短語有：generally speaking(一般來說)，judging from(從……來判斷)，considering(考慮到……)，talking of(說到……)。例如：

(1)Generally speaking, parents care more about their childrens health than about their own. 一般來說，父母關心孩子的健康勝過關心自己的。

(2)Considering his inexperience, he did a good job.

考慮到他缺乏經驗，他干得很不錯。

二、掌握V-ing的時態和語態

V-ing有時態和語態形式，形式變化見下表（以do為例）

(1)V-ing被動語態的一般式在句中作主語、賓語、賓語補足語和定語，表正在進行的或一般性的被動動作。

Being exposed to sunlight for too much time may do harm to ones skin. 在太陽底下曝曬時間過長會對皮膚有害。

The party being prepared now will be a great success.

正在籌備的那場晚會將獲得圓滿成功。

(2)V-ing的主動和被動語態的完成式只作狀語，表先于謂語動詞的動作。

Having suffered from heart trouble for years, Professor White likes to take some medicine wherever he goes.

由于多年患心臟病，懷特教授無論走到哪兒，總喜歡把藥帶在身上。

Having been shown around the labs, we were taken to see the library. 帶領我們參觀了實驗室后，又帶我們去看圖書館。

三、掌握V-ing形式的創新形式

1. 帶邏輯主語的V-ing復合結構

當特別需要強調V-ing形式所表示動作的執行者時，V-ing形式前要加一個形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格，作為V-ing形式的邏輯主語。該結構常作主語、表語和賓語。

The presidents attending the meeting himself gave them a deal of encouragement. 總統本人親自出席會議給予他們極大鼓勵。

Would you mind Marys being left alone at home?

把瑪麗一個人留在家里，你介意嗎？

該結構若不出現在句首，可用人稱代詞賓格代替形容詞性物主代詞或用名詞普通格代替名詞所有格。若邏輯主語為無生命名詞時，只能用普通格，而不能用名詞的所有格。

Our teacher suggested our/us buying a new English-Chinese dictionary.

我們老師建議我們買本新英漢詞典。

The noises of desks being opened and closed could be heard out in the street. 書桌掀開和關上的聲音在大街上就能聽到。

2. 帶邏輯主語的V-ing獨立主格結構

帶邏輯主語的V-ing的獨立主格結構在句中可作時間狀語、原因狀語、條件狀語和伴隨狀語，其邏輯主語前也可加介詞with，其中V-ing形式表進行或一般性動作。

It being very hot, we decided to go for a swim.

天氣炎熱，我們決定去游泳。

With the guide leading the way, they had no trouble in finding the enemys position. 有向導帶路，他們不費力就找到了敵人的據點。

[鞏固性練習]

1. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are

pictures ____ in your mind instead of before your eyes.

A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed

2. ____ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he

had left his wallet at home.

A. To wait B. Have waited

C. Having waited D. To have waited

3. More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays,

____ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits.

A. taking B. taken

C. having taken D. having been taken

4. The manager, ____ it clear to us that he didnt agree with us, left

the meeting room.

A. who has made B. having made

C. made D. making

5. The bell ____ the end of the period rang, ____ our heated

discussion.

A. indicated, interrupted B. indicated, interrupting

C. indicating, interrupted D. indicating, interrupting

6. Finding her car stolen, ____.

A. a policeman was asked to help

B. the area was searched thoroughly

C. it was looked for everywhere

D. she hurried to a policeman for help

7. European football is played in over 80 countries, ____ it the most

popular sport in the world.

A. makes B. to make C. making D. made

8. ____ his telephone number, I cant get into touch with him.

A. Knowing not B. Not knowing

C. Having not known D. Not having known

9. When I got back home, I saw a message pinned to the door ____

“Sorry to miss you, I will call later”.

A. reading B. reads C. to read D. read

10. ____ your composition carefully, some spelling mistakes can be

avoided.

A. Check B. To check

C. Having checked D. If you check

11. Though ____ money, his parents managed to send him to university.

A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in

12. When asked by the police, he said that he remembered ____ at the

party, but not ____.

A. to arrive; leaving B. to arrive; to leave

C. arriving; leaving D. arriving; to leave

13. The missing boys were last seen ____ near the river.

A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play

14. She asked me to help her, ____ that she couldnt move the heavy

suitcase alone.

A. only to realize B. realizing

C. realized D. having been realized

15. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ____ the girl and took

her away, ____ into the woods.

A. seizing, disappeared B. seized, disappeared

C. seizing, disappearing D. seized, disappearing

16. I couldnt do my homework with that noise ____.

A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on

17. The discovery of new evidence led to ____.

A. the thief being caught B. catch the thief

C. the thief having caught D. the thief to be caught

18. Once your business becomes international, ____ constantly will be part of your life.

A. you fly B. your flight C. flight D. flying

19. What worried the child most was ____ to visit his mother in the

hospital.

A. his not allowing B. his not being allowed

C. his being not allowed D. having not been allowed

20. ____ by the teacher in class gave him a great deal of encouragement. A. Having praised B. After being praised

C. Being praised D. Praised

Key(3)