現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的主要區(qū)別在哪里？

葉陳友

現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞主要的區(qū)別表現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)態(tài)和時(shí)間關(guān)系上。筆者想結(jié)合分詞在定語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)及獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的用法談?wù)劕F(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的主要區(qū)別。

一、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞當(dāng)定語(yǔ)

現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞當(dāng)定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別首先表現(xiàn)在被修飾詞與現(xiàn)在分詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，過去分詞當(dāng)定語(yǔ)時(shí)被修飾的詞與分詞之間則是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。單個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)通常置于被修飾詞之前，分詞短語(yǔ)則要后置。例如：

The president made an inspiring speech(= which was inspiring) at the meeting.總統(tǒng)在會(huì)上作了令人鼓舞的演說。

The man sitting (= who is sitting) at the desk is his secretary.坐在桌旁那個(gè)人是他的秘書。

The moved children (= who were moved) were determined to work harder at their lessons.受感動(dòng)的孩子們決心更加努力地學(xué)習(xí)功課。

She showed me the book recommended by the professor (=which was recommended ).她把教授推薦的書給我看了看。

現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞當(dāng)定語(yǔ)的另一個(gè)區(qū)別是現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞則表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。例如：

It is well known that China belongs to a developing country.眾所周知，中國(guó)屬于發(fā)展中國(guó)家。

We are determined to work harder so as to catch up with the developed countries.我們決心更加努力工作以便趕上發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。

不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞只表示動(dòng)作完成，沒有被動(dòng)含義。

I was watching the risen moon on the balcony when the telephone rang.我正在陽(yáng)臺(tái)上看升起了的月亮突然間電話鈴響了。

二、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞當(dāng)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)

現(xiàn)在分詞當(dāng)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)表示主動(dòng)或動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行；過去分詞則表示被動(dòng)或動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成或者指狀態(tài)。例如：

I saw some foreign guests entering the headmasters office.我看見有幾位外賓正走進(jìn)校長(zhǎng)的辦公室。

Waiting outside the operating room，she felt her heart beating violently.她等候在手術(shù)室外，覺得心在猛烈地跳動(dòng)。

The children were found playing by the side of the river.有人發(fā)現(xiàn)孩子們?cè)诤舆呁妗?/p>

Yesterday my husband had the computer repaired.昨天我丈夫讓人把電腦修理好了。

The villagers found the river seriously polluted.村民們發(fā)現(xiàn)河流被嚴(yán)重地污染了。

All the doors were found locked.所有的門都是鎖著的。

三、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)

現(xiàn)在分詞當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作是句子主語(yǔ)所執(zhí)行的，也就是說主語(yǔ)與現(xiàn)在分詞之間包含的是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。過去分詞當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子的主語(yǔ)則是分詞動(dòng)作的承受者，即主語(yǔ)與過去分詞之間存在著被動(dòng)關(guān)系。例如：

Entering the laboratory，the professor began to do the chemical experiment.教授走進(jìn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室就開始做化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)。

Not having heard from his parents for a long time，the young man became worried.由于很久沒有收到父親的來信，年青人感到焦慮不安起來。

Seen from the hill，the town looks very beautiful.從小山上往下看，這個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)顯得非常美麗。

Miss Yang walked into the classroom，followed by a group of students.楊小姐走進(jìn)教室，后面跟著一群學(xué)生。

四、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞用于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與分詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞，如果兩者之間表示的是被動(dòng)關(guān)系或指狀態(tài)則用過去分詞。例如：

Weather permitting (= If weather permits)，we will go out for a picnic next Sunday.如果天氣允許，我們下個(gè)星期日去野餐。

He related his adventure in the mountains，his eyes sparkling with joy.他敘述他在山中的奇遇，眼睛里閃爍著喜悅的光芒。

Everything taken into consideration (=If everything is taken into consideration)，his plan is more workable than yours.考慮到各方面情況，他的計(jì)劃比你的更可行。

五、現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式與過去分詞的區(qū)別

現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式與過去分詞都可以表示被動(dòng)含義，但是在使用時(shí)我們應(yīng)該注意到如下區(qū)別。

1、現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式表示動(dòng)作正在被進(jìn)行，過去分詞表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。

The suggestion being discussed was put forward by Mr.Li.正在討論的這個(gè)建議是李先生提出來的。

The problem discussed at the meeting yesterday was of great importance.昨天會(huì)上討論過的問題非常重要。

不過有時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式與過去分詞所起的作用相同。

This (being) done，I set about cleaning

the windows.做完這個(gè)，我開始擦窗子。

2、過去分詞可以當(dāng)定語(yǔ)，但是現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)完成式通常不當(dāng)定語(yǔ)。

The children were deeply moved by the story told by the PLA man.(正)

The children were deeply moved by the story having been told by the PLA man.(誤)

3、強(qiáng)調(diào)條件時(shí)，一般只用過去分詞。

Compared with other women，your mother is really lucky.同其他婦女相比，你母親真的很幸運(yùn)。

4、如果用作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，既表示被動(dòng)又表示完成，可用過去分詞也可用現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的完成式。

The experiment (having been) done，the students left the laboratory.做完了實(shí)驗(yàn)，學(xué)生們就離開了實(shí)驗(yàn)室。

但是如果只強(qiáng)調(diào)被動(dòng)，則用過去分詞。如果只強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作完成，則用現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的完成式。

Once seen，it can never be forgotten.一旦見過，就絕不會(huì)忘記。

Having been showed around the campus，we were taken to the library.帶去參觀校園后，我們又被帶去參觀圖書館。★