[摘要]:本文對大學生在英語寫作中最常犯的五種錯誤句型進行了歸納和分析,旨在幫助學生在寫作中能夠識別并修改各種常見的錯誤結構,并能利用所學的寫作知識和技巧,將一些層次混亂的句子,改成層次分明,結構靈活多樣的句子。
[關鍵詞]:大學英語寫作 錯誤句型 分析
一、導言
大學英語寫作是大學階段一門重要課程,它著重培養學生的寫作基本技能。大學英語寫作的教授一般包括三個重要組成部分:句子的組成,段落的寫作及各種文體的文章寫作。三部分中,文章的寫作為最終目的,段落的寫作相當于中間環節,而句子的組成則是基礎環節;基礎倘若打不好,之后所有的努力都將事倍功半,所以句子的構寫是一個不容忽視的環節,尤其是一些容易犯錯的句子教師更應給予重視和引導。
二、常見錯誤句型歸納與分析
1.動詞串用
動詞串用多出現在there+be句型中,即在一個獨立的句子中出現兩個或幾個動詞,動詞間的關系混亂不堪。例如:
a)There was a car accident happened last week.
b) There will be seven students attend the make-up exam.
建議改正方法為:
把there+be句型作為主句,把另外一個動詞放置于從句中,使主從關系明確。
所以a),b)句可分別改為:
a) There was a car accident which happened last week.
b) There are seven students who will attend the make-up exam.
2.逗號錯誤
可能受漢語寫作的影響,逗號錯誤是學生寫作中最常犯的錯誤之一,即把兩個甚至是幾個獨立的分句用逗號連起來而不使用任何連詞。例如:
a)Everyone has a name, in some countries some people have many names.
b)This is Sunny Holiday Inn, may I help you?
建議改正方法為:
使用適當的連詞把兩個獨立的分句連接起來;
用句號和一個大寫字母把兩個獨立的句子分開;
用分號把兩個表達獨立意思的句子連起來。
根據以上原則,a)可改為:
Everyone has a name, and in some countries some people have many names.或Everyone has a name. In some countries some people have many names.或
Everyone has a name;in some countries some people have many names.
3.破句
一個獨立的句子必須有主語和謂語動詞,且必須表達一個完整的意思。缺乏主語或動詞的詞組與不能表達完整意思的詞組都叫做破句。常見的破句主要有三種:
A.從屬連詞引起的破句,如because, since, after, while, since, as,though等.
B.現在分詞或不定式引起的破句.
C.增加細節引起的破句,如such as, for example , except for,especially等引導的短語或句子.例如:
a) After I slid my aching bones into the hot tub water. I realized that there was no soap, but I didn’t want to get out again.
b) Magie has worked on the crossword puzzle all day. All the while, mumbling each clue out loud.
c) I was afraid of the adults in the audience. I was also worried that the kids would giggle at me. To make me laugh if possible.
d) The first load of wash should be white things. Such as bed sheets, pillowcases, towels and underwear.
A.對于從屬連詞引起的破句,其改正方法可有以下兩種:
1)把破句附屬于其前或其后的一個主句;
2)刪除從屬連詞,使句子前后兩部分通過其他方法(并列連詞、現在分詞短語、動詞不定式、介詞短語等)來連接。
故a)句可改為:
After I slid my aching bones into the hot tub water, I realized that there was no soap, but I didn’t want to get out again.或
After sliding my aching bones into the hot tub water, I realized that there was no soap, but I didn’t want to get out again.
B.現在分詞或不定式引起的破句,其改正方法分別為:
1)把分詞短語與其前或其后的句子連接起來,使語義完整;
2)增添主語,把分詞改成動詞的正確形式;
3)將不定式部分與前面句子連接起來;
4)把不定式改成動詞的正確形式,然后與其前或其后的句子連接起來。
故b)句可改為:
Magie has worked on the crossword puzzle all day. All the while, she is mumbling each clue out loud.或
Magie has worked on the crossword puzzle all day, mumbling each clue out loud all the while.
c)句可改為:
I was afraid of the adults in the audience. I was also worried that the kids would giggle at me to make me laugh if possible.或
I was afraid of the adults in the audience. I was also worried that the kids would giggle at me and would make me laugh if possible.
C.增加細節引起的破句,其改正方法有:
1)把破句與其前面的句子連接起來,使語義完整(可改變必要的詞);
2)為破句增添主語和謂語動詞;
故d)句可改為:
The first load of wash should be white things, such as bed sheets, pillowcases, towels and underwear.
4.懸垂修飾語
懸垂修飾也是學生最常犯的錯誤之一;懸垂修飾語是作修飾語的短語或省略從句,邏輯上與它所修飾的詞語分離,或找不到邏輯上被修飾的對象,因而看起來好像與句子的其他部分無關。常見的懸垂修飾語有:
A.現在分詞或不定式引起的懸垂修飾
B.懸垂介詞短語
C.懸垂省略從句
例如:
a) Walking on the street,a car hit him.
b) To join the team, a C average or better is necessary.
c) On the top of the mountain, a beautiful city can be seen.
建議其改正方法為:
1) 找出隱含的邏輯主語,即動作的實施者,使主語成為懸垂部分所修飾的對象;
2)把懸垂短語或省略從句擴展為完整的句子。
故以上錯句可分別改為:
a) Walking on the street, he was hit by a car.或While he was walking on the street, a car hit him.
b) To join the team, you must have a C average or better.
c) On the top of the mountain, we can see a beautiful city.
5.錯誤的平行結構
平行結構是指把兩個或兩個以上意思并列的成分用同等的語法形式表達出來。如果意思上并列的成分用不同等的語法形式來表達,就破壞了其平行結構,這樣就形成了錯誤的平行結構。其改正方法為:
1)改正一系列的平行結構中出現的錯誤部分;
2)避免錯誤的省略。例如:
a) My father’s car is sporty, fast, expensive, and it is also quite comfortable.
b) She is neither young nor is she inexperienced.
c) She contributes and works for the peace movement in Canada.
故以上錯句可分別改為:
a) My father’s car is sporty, fast, expensive and comfortable.
b) She is neither young nor inexperienced.
c) She contributes to and works for the peace movement in Canada.
三、結語
當然,大學生在英語寫作中所寫的錯誤句子不止以上五種;筆者希望這幾種典型的常見錯誤能夠幫助更多學生識別并修改各種常見的錯誤結構,并能利用所學的寫作知識和技巧,將一些層次混亂的句子,改成層次分明,結構靈活多樣的句子。
參考文獻:
[1]楊俊峰.英語寫作基礎.遼寧大學出版社, 1997.
[2]韓曉英.英語寫作基礎.人民日報出版社, 2004.
[3]鄭樹棠,胡全生.新視野英語教程——讀寫教程(3-4冊).外語教學與研究出版社, 2004.
(作者單位:廣東工業大學商學院)