如何解答閱讀理解中事實細節題

理解文中事實細節題一直是高考英語閱讀理解題中設題密度最大的題型，通常占閱讀總分的50%到70%，以2009年高考廣東卷為例，細節題占三分之二。因此，考生能否答對這類題，對整套試卷的得分起關鍵作用。

一、命題特點

這類題的題干和正確答案在含義上相當于原文中某部分的內容，但通常表達方式不同。如:使用不同的句式，或用同義詞、反義詞等來表達。有的細節題需要在理解相關原文內容的基礎上經過歸納、推理、總結和計算才能得出答案。而三個干擾選項的設計要么使用原文中的一些表達方式，但其陳述與原文不符或部分不符，或雖與常識、流行觀點一致，但卻與作者觀點或原文內容相悖或原文根本未提及。

二、命題形式

這類題主要是針對文中某一特定的細節或若干細節等來提問的，因此，信息的準確定位是考生面臨的最大難點。分析近年來高考常考的細節信息題，我們可歸結為:基本細節題、是非判斷題、排序題、識圖解意題、細節推理題以及數字計算題等。

三、解題技巧

此類題的基本解題方法是尋讀法，即在了解文章主旨大意的基礎上，帶著問題去相應的段落里找到相關的詞語或句子，然后進行分析、對比，從而得出答案。做題時，不能脫離原文想當然地以自己的背景知識去推理，而要根據文章所述內容來理解和判斷。

四、如何做基本信息題

這是細節題中最簡單的一種題型。這類題的正確選項一般是由原文句子稍加變動而成。解答這類題時，考生可以通過提干中的關鍵線索詞，如人物(who)，事件(what)，時間(when)，地點(where)，原因(why)，方式(how)，程度(how long ， how soon ， how often ， how much )，數字(how many / how much )，選擇(which)，在原文中迅速捕捉所涉及該問題的相關信息，略加分析，然后作出正確選擇。

[例1 ]... It was hard to lift her. She was just out. But he managed to raise her the four feet to the platform so that bystanders could hold her by the grins and drag her away from the edge. That was where Lisa briefly regained consciousness， felt herself being pulled along the ground， and saw someone else holding her purse.

Lisa thought she’d been robbed. A woman held her hand and a man gave his shirt to help stop the blood pouring from her head. And she tried to talk but she couldn’t， and that was when she realized how much pain she was in. (2009廣東卷)

44. When did Lisa become conscious again?

A. When the train was leaving.

B. After she was back on the platform.

C. After the police and fire officials came.

D. When a man was cleaning the blood from her head.

[解析]本題是問“利薩什么時候恢復知覺的?”用關鍵詞conscious在文中搜索(尋讀)，找到“That was where Lisa briefly regained consciousness…(這就是利薩恢復知覺的地方)”，哪個地方(where)?承前句邏輯，就是指the platform，即“托起她，將她弄到站臺上之后”，故選B。

五、如何做是非判斷題

是非題也可稱為排除題，用于詢問所述事項的真實性或非真實性，常見的提問方式有:

1. Which of the following statements is (not) true?

2. Which of the following is (not) mentioned in the article?

3. Which of the following does not explain... ?

4. Which of the following statements is wrong according to the author?

5. Which of the following is not listed as ... ?

6. All of the following are true except...

7. The author mentions al1 of the items listed below except...

8. The author (passage)does not tell us...

這種題相對來說較難做，因為信息分散在全文，按理需要花較多時間在各段落找到相關句。若要到全文中去一一查證四個選項，效率太低。因此我們可以首先對所有選項作一分析，根據常理，根據自己的背景知識，看看哪一選項最有可能是答案。如問哪一個true，就把四個中最可能正確的一項挑出來首先去查證;如問哪一個NOT true，就把四個中最可能是錯誤的一項挑出來首先去查證。用這一方法，最多查證兩項，答案就會出來。

[例2] Wildlife watching also creates satisfying memories. We have seen hundreds of the elk and bighorn sheep that attract visitors， yet they still arouse a sense of wonder. And the rare spotting of a cougar， wolf or woodland caribou takes our breath away. (2009上海)

70. Which of the following is true according to the passage?

A. Dogsledding is the most popular sport among local people.

B. Watching wildlife is a memorable experience.

C. Travellers should bring their own sports equipment.

D. Shopping is too simple a pleasure to enjoy.

[解析]分析四個選項，最有可能正確的是選項B，由文中“Wildlife watching also creates satisfying memories”可知，選項B的確正確。

六、如何做細節推斷題

這類題要求考生根據文章的某個句子、段落來推斷出作者沒有提到的或者沒有明說的事實，旨在考查考生透過詞語的字面意義去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力。答案中的干擾項可能是原文信息的簡單重復，也有可能符合考生已有常識，但在文章中沒有信息支持。常見的提問方式有:

1. The report from...suggests that...

2. The underlined part in the 2nd paragraph implies that...

3. From the sentence in paragraph x， sb. is likely to …

解答這類題目時，考生可按照下面步驟進行:尋讀相關信息——研讀理解——結合語境和常識進行推理判斷。

[例3] It is not too much to say of him， as Robert Schumann did， that “music owes as much to Bach as Christianity to its Founder ”.

Bach wrote a library of music as incomparable for its extensiveness as for its artistic merit.

...(2009廣東省六校聯考三)

41. The words “music owes as much as to Bach as Christianity to its Founder” implies Bach .

A. is a music genius

B. is among the founders of music

C. has made extremely important contribution to the art of music

D. is the god of music to music-lovers

[解析]答案為C 。全文圍繞音樂奇才巴赫而寫。該題根據文章第一段引號中句子以及owe sth to sb 結構的意思，正確理解不難得出答案C。

總之，閱讀理解實際上是考生與出題者在智力上的搏奕，考生只有通過平時的不斷實踐與積累、熟諳各種題型，從而形成出一套規范化且行之有效的解題策略，這樣才能在高考的閱讀理解中脫穎而出。

責任編校蔣小青