姚江名人甲天下

第二屆國際河姆渡文化節將于5月下旬在余姚舉行。本次文化節以“弘揚河姆渡文化，彰顯幸福城魅力”為主題，以凸顯“文獻名邦”“山水城市”特質為內涵，包括文藝晚會、國際論壇、海峽兩岸百團萬人河姆渡尋根游、河姆渡非遺文化嘉年華等一系列文化活動。本刊這期刊載的《余姚名人甲天下》《姚劇〈王陽明〉在臺灣》兩文就是從歷史名人、非遺文化姚劇的視角來觀照余姚“文獻名邦”特質和顯示海峽兩岸情緣。

1973年，位于余姚的河姆渡遺址露出地面，一幅遠古文明的絢麗畫卷在世人面前徐徐展開。余姚，河姆渡，7000年，這一片神奇的土地上，流傳著生生不息的精神歌謠……

范仲淹在《送謝景初廷評宰余姚》中云：“余姚二山下，東南最名邑。煙水萬人家，熙熙自翔集。”梁啟超在《中國近三百年學術史》中說：“余姚以區區一邑，而自明中葉迄清中葉二百年間，碩儒輩出……”

在第二屆國際河姆渡文化節舉辦之際，我試圖推介歷代余姚名人，以撩揭那隱而有必然的牽聯與傳承的帷幕。

姚舜遺風四大先賢

多年前，中國文史界泰斗史樹青教授專門撰寫《河姆渡遺址為余姚墟說》一文，認為舜是余姚一帶人物，引起了學界震動。唐貞觀年間《括地志》稱：“越州余姚縣，舜姓姚，故云余姚”。之后，此類記載仍屢有出現。如此說來，舜是余姚有史可考的第一賢者。“舜耕歷山”是一個典故，而余姚境內確有“歷山”地名，當地小學的校名取為“舜耕小學”。或許，舜過于久遠，而余姚人最熟悉與親近的先賢是這么四位：嚴子陵、王陽明、朱舜水、黃宗羲。由舜耕歷山的勤儉賢德，觀照余姚人的四大先賢，一種純正的氣流是一以貫之的。

范仲淹撰有《嚴先生祠堂記》，盛贊嚴子陵：“云山蒼蒼，江水泱泱。先生之風，山高水長。”山高水長由此被引為形容一種高潔的風骨。嚴子陵，東漢初人，與劉秀同游學。他抗命王莽，不事劉秀，潔身全行，高風亮節，受后人推崇。余姚有子陵祠、客星山、客星橋、客星庵、高風亭、“高風千古”石牌坊、子陵亭等。傳說嚴子陵經漢帝劉秀再三邀請才入宮，是夜與漢帝同榻而臥，嚴子陵以足置劉秀腹上。次日清晨，史官奏稱“客星犯御座甚急”。劉秀笑答，只是與老同學共枕而眠的緣故吧。

余姚四先賢中，首先在哲學領域探索而集大成者，當屬王陽明。暢銷書《明朝那些事兒》里，作者給予王陽明極高評價：“明朝第一完人。”王陽明（1472-1529），名守仁，字伯安，號陽明，明代哲學家、教育家、軍事家、文學家和書法家。早年因觸犯當權宦官劉瑾，受到廷杖，貶為龍場驛丞。他潛心悟道，史稱“龍場悟道”，遂得“知行合一”為精髓的心學真諦。后又領兵打仗，功勛卓著，可謂文武全才。《明史》評：“終明之世，文臣用兵制勝，未有如守仁者。”留存在余姚的王陽明遺跡有瑞云樓、中天閣、新建伯牌坊等，供后人瞻仰。

曾經有段時間，在余姚四先賢的排行中，朱舜水排在黃宗羲之后。后來，文史研究者發現，朱舜水其實比黃宗羲早出生10年。朱舜水（1600-1682），名之瑜，字魯嶼。清兵入侵，他奔走各地，聯絡義軍抗清，輾轉安南、交趾（均今越南）等地，歷盡艱險。四次東渡日本借兵，以圖恢復明室，均未成，最終流亡日本。1665年，因其才學出眾，被水戶藩主德川光國聘為賓師，為日本文明史添磚加瓦，影響深遠。有《朱舜水文集》行世，留于日本遺物今存水戶彰考館。

曾有權威機構評出中國十大思想家，從老子、孔子、孟子這一路下來，中國歷代十個最重要的思想家中，余姚居然占了兩個。一個是王陽明，另一個就是黃宗羲。黃宗羲（1610-1695），字太沖，號南雷，稱梨洲先生。他是個民主主義啟蒙思想家。崇禎元年（1628）正月，懷疏袖錐赴京為父訟冤，錐刺殺父仇人許顯純。報仇雪恨的舉動震驚朝野。清軍入侵，黃宗羲組織“世忠營”抗清。抗清失敗后，避居化安山，專為著書立說。清王朝多次召征“博學鴻儒”，皆拒。黃宗羲自云其一生有三變：“初錮之為黨人，繼指之為游俠，終廁之于儒林。”

姚江望族群英顯赫

在寧波，有一句話：“一部寧波史，半部余姚志；一部余姚志，半部虞氏史。”可見虞氏家族在余姚歷史上舉足輕重的地位。相傳，余姚虞氏的始遷祖為漢代的虞光、虞國兩兄弟。虞光官至零陵太守，虞國官至日南太守。自虞光、虞國至晉代美食家虞悰，計十一世。從虞光、虞國至虞元長期間，虞氏家族人才輩出、舉世聞名。

虞光、虞國雖已為官，但使虞氏家族聲名鵲起的第一人則是虞光的玄孫虞翻。虞翻（164－233），字仲翔，官至三國東吳騎都尉。虞翻武能打仗，日行千里，文懂易經，諳熟典籍。然而性情疏直，冒犯孫權，先后被謫到丹陽涇縣和交州等地。李白詩云：“地遠虞翻老，秋深宋玉悲。”虞翻的孫輩虞喜，也著實是為虞氏家族大添異彩之人。虞喜博學好古，擅天文歷算，有《尚書釋問》等10余種著作傳世。咸和五年（330），他依據冬至日恒星的中天觀測，發現“歲差”，認為太陽在兩年的冬至間向西偏移原位。祖沖之制《大明歷》開創中國天文學史新紀元，即應用“歲差”原理。

余姚人最熟知的虞氏先賢恐怕是虞世南了。的確，虞世南可謂是虞氏家族的“絢爛之極”。虞世南的兄長虞世基是隋朝武將，隋朝史短，虞世南其實也是隋朝遺民。虞世南（558－638），這位唐初政治家、書法家、文學家歷任秘書監、弘文館學士等。唐太宗褒獎他：“世南一人，有出世之才，遂兼五絕。一曰忠讜，二曰友悌，三曰博文，四曰詞藻，五曰書翰。”在唐朝后，虞氏家族的香火歸于平淡。

虞氏家族之外，余姚還有王氏、謝氏、黃氏、孫氏、邵氏、朱氏等名門望族。

王氏中，“陽明千古大師”自不必說，其父王華即是明朝狀元，官至南京吏部尚書，可見家族基業。謝氏有明代大學士謝遷以及兒子謝丕等，頗有聲望。黃氏，宗羲之父尊素是明末高官、著名東林黨人，弟弟宗炎、宗會，以及兒子百家等，也多有建樹，聲名遠播。孫氏有“橫河孫家境，紗帽八百頂”的美譽，明代孫燧歷任刑部主事、江西巡撫，又有孫如游官至大學士，孫嘉績任職南京工部主事。邵氏有清代史學家邵廷采、邵晉涵祖孫等，至現當代，還有“新月派”詩人、翻譯家、編輯家邵洵美。

余姚朱氏在朱舜水外，又花開別枝。據光緒《余姚縣志》，清朝朱姓者有朱文治、朱蘭、朱逌然、朱定基等，為祖孫四代。

廟堂江湖名賢遍布

不說南宋狀元方山京，不說“海南夫子”趙考古，不說元末明初醫學家滑壽，也不說“青詞宰相”袁煒、明代閣老呂本、明代工部侍郎龔輝，因為古代的余姚人物還能列出一長串名單，那么，現在，我們把目光聚焦到現當代。在現當代，余姚名人依然光芒璀璨，在各個領域星羅棋布。

在紅色革命歷史中，有一個余姚人是不可忘卻的，他就是楊賢江。楊賢江（1895－1931），馬克思主義教育理論家，中國共產黨早期黨員之一。1921年，被商務印書館聘為《學生雜志》主編，任職6年，參與了五卅運動和上海三次工人武裝起義的組織工作。大革命失敗后，他轉移到日本，在日本邊進行革命活動邊從事社會科學和教育科學的研究及翻譯工作。1929年他秘密回國，繼續從事革命斗爭。于1931年病逝，年僅36歲。

再列舉一位很早就投身革命的余姚人——樓適夷。這是一位堅定的共產主義戰士。早年參加太陽社，曾留學日本，1931年回國，從事左聯和文部的黨團工作，歷任新華日報社副刊編輯，中華全國文藝界抗敵協會理事，《抗戰文藝》及《文藝陣地》編輯、代理主編，新四軍浙東根據地浙東行署文教處副處長，出版總署編審局副處長，東北軍區后勤政治部宣傳部長，人民文學出版社副社長、副總編輯、顧問等。作為我國新文學運動的一員驍將，他的身后留下了一串閃光的足跡。

而在另一個陣營中，也有不少余姚人。最顯著的，恐怕要算陳布雷了。陳布雷（1890－1948），才華出眾，20多歲就在報界享有盛譽，他是國民黨的“領袖文膽”和“總裁智囊”，素有國民黨“第一支筆”之稱。他是中國近現代歷史上一位很受關注而頗有爭議的人物。1941年，周恩來在重慶托人給陳布雷捎話：“對你的道德文章，我們共產黨人是欽佩的，但希望你的筆不要為一個人服務，要為全中國四萬萬人服務。”陳布雷的弟弟陳訓慈曾任浙江省立圖書館館長，另一個弟弟陳訓悆曾任“中央社”總編輯、“中央日報社”社長。

歷史的微妙在于，陳布雷的女兒陳璉、女婿袁永熙卻是赤誠的共產黨人。在西南聯大，陳璉找到了共產黨的秘密組織，而她的上級就是后來成為她丈夫的袁永熙。陳布雷曾請人幫忙查一查這個未來的女婿是什么人，得知“外交部次長”葉公超教授是他的姐夫，吳晗教授是他的好朋友，朱自清教授對他十分賞識……1947年夏天，陳璉與袁永熙舉行了婚禮。但蜜月剛過，兩人就被國民黨當局逮捕。過了幾個月，陳布雷和葉公超將兩人保了出來。

有必要一提的是，這里說到的“外交部次長”葉公超也是余姚人。在那些顯赫的余姚人中還有曾擔任北京大學校長的蔣夢麟、著名農學家沈宗翰等。蔣夢麟、沈宗翰等人后來都遷赴臺灣地區。沈宗翰之子沈君山是“臺灣四君子”（與連震東之子連戰、錢思亮之子錢復、陳誠之子陳覆安并稱“臺灣四君子”）之一，1993年至1997年，任臺灣“清華大學”校長。□

Historical Personages Add Glory to Yuyao

By Fang Qijun

Yuyao， a county-level city in great Ningbo in eastern Zhejiang， put itself on the map of the world in 1973 when the unearthed Hemudu relics in Yuyao revealed the early prosperity of the Chinese civilization 7，000 years ago.

Yuyao， however， has been extensively known among Chinese scholars since the middle of the Ming Dynasty. Liang Qichao (1873-1929)， a scholar of the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China， writes in his “A History of Scholarship in the Past 300 Years of China” that scholars from Yuyao had influenced all of China and even Japan during a period of 200 years from the mid-Ming (1368-1644) to mid-Qing (1644-1911).

History records say Shun the Great， one of the three legendary emperors of early China， was from Yuyao. Shi Shuqing， a modern scholar of history and archaeology， wrote a paper claiming that Hemudu was the relics of Yuyao Kingdom where Shun ruled.

The ancient emperor might be a legend， but people in Yuyao pride themselves on having four great scholars as their four major ancestral sages: Yan Ziling (birth and death years unknown)， Wang Yangming (1472-1529)， Zhu Shunshui (1600-1682) and Huang Zongxi (1610-1695).

Yan Ziling and Liu Xiu (6BC-57AD) went on a study tour in their early years. After Liu Xiu founded the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220AD)， the emperor sent for Yan Ziling， hoping his old friend would help rule the country. Yan turned down the royal request repeatedly and retired to lead a reclusive life. In the history of China， Yan Ziling was admired by scholars one generation after another for his self-imposed abstention from power， fame and wealth. Yuyao boasts a Yan Ziling Memorial Temple as well as some architectural structures and hills that have names in honor of the ancestor.

Wang Yangming is a philosopher， educator， military general， man of letters and calligrapher. While in exile in Longchang in remote Guizhou Province， he dedicated himself to philosophical thinking. He emphasized the inseparability of knowledge and action. The theory plays a big part in the history of Chinese ideology and has influenced many scholars since then. He won many military campaigns. The History of the Ming Dynasty says no civil officials throughout the Ming achieved more military exploits than Wang. There are three architectures in Yuyao in honor of Wang Yangming.

Chronologically， Zhu Shunshui used to be placed behind Huang Zongxi. After much research， it is now confirmed that Zhu Shunshui was born ten years before Huang. When the Ming Dynasty collapsed， Zhu Shunshui went to Japan four times in vain to enlist Japanese military support in order to restore the Ming. He exiled himself to Japan. In 1665， he was invited to Mito by Tokugawa Mitsukuni. Zhu taught Confucianism and helped rewrite a book of Japanese history. His legacy is influential in Japan. A museum in Mito， Japan has his relics.

An authoritative institution once came up with a list of top ten Chinese ideologists. Yuyao is proud that Wang Yangming and Huang Zongxi ranked among the top ten. Huang is now considered a pioneer of Chinese democratic thought. In 1628， he went all the way to Beijing and assassinated Xu Xianchun， who had killed Huang’s father. The revenge shocked Beijing. When the Qing invaded from the north， Huang organized a resistance group. After the failure， he retired to Hua’an Mountain and buried himself in scholarship. He wrote many influential books. The Qing Dynasty offered to appoint him to important scholastic positions， which he turned down.

It goes without saying that Yuyao has a lot of more preeminent ancestors to boast. A local saying says it all: half a history of Ningbo is about Yuyao; half a history of Yuyao is about the Yu family. The legend has it that the Yu family in Yuyao began with Yu Guang and Yu Guo， two brothers in the Han Dynasty (202BC-220AD). The two brothers were officials of the Han Dynasty and ten uninterrupted generations of their descendents followed their footprints. Though Yu Guang and Yu Guo were founding fathers of the family in Yuyao， it was their grandson Yu Fan (164-233) who first claimed historical fame. He was a general of the Wu Kingdom during the Three Kingdoms years (220-280). He was exiled after he offended the king. Li Bai， presumably the greatest poet of the Tang Dynasty (618-907)， deplored his misfortune in a poem， thus making him a long-lasting literary metaphor. More descendents of the family made their names in history. But the family became quiet and ordinary after the Tang.

As a matter of fact， Yuyao boasts six other prominent families that produced many celebrated figures in Chinese history. The six major prominent families in Yuyao are surnamed Wang， Xie， Huang， Sun， Shao and Zhu.

In the first half of the 20th century， Yuyao also produced many a well known personage. In the two major rival camps of the Communists and KMT， Yuyao had a fair share. Yang Xianjiang (1895-1931) was a Marxist theorist and member of the Chinese Communist Party. In 1921 he was employed by Commercial Press as editor-in-chief of Students， a magazine published by the press. He worked in this position for six years. He was one of the organizers of the May 30th Movement and Armed Uprisings of Shanghai Workers. After the revolution failed， he fled to Japan. In 1929 he returned to China secretly and continued to undertake secret revolutionary activities. He died of illness in 1931 at the age of 36.

Lou Shiyi (1905-2001) was a communist and man of letters. After his studies in Japan， he came back to work for the Federation of Left-Wing Writers. He was thrown into jail in 1933 for his anti-government activities. After he was released in 1937， he worked as a journalist. After the founding of New China， he served in various important positions. Of these important positions， he worked as vice chairman of People’s Literature Press and vice editor-in-chief of the literary month.

In the other camp， Chen Bulei (1890-1948) from Yuyao is the most famous. A talented journalist， he made his name in his early 20s. As the number one writer for KMT， he served as secretary for Chiang Kai-shek for years. His younger brother Chen Xunci served as director of Zhejiang Provincial Library and another younger brother Chen Xunyu worked as editor-in-chief of the Central News Agency and chairman of Central Daily News. Ironically， Chen Bulei’s daughter Chen Lian was a communist and her husband was also a communist.□