蝦兵蟹將入“非遺”

文化部公布了第三批國家級非物質文化遺產名錄，浙江洞頭“海洋動物故事”名列其中。海洋動物故事是以海洋動物為主人公的民間故事。動物的擬人化，動物之間關系的社會化，是這類故事的主要特點。它是海洋文化的一朵奇葩，是漁區人民群眾在生產、生活實踐中的集體創作，長期以來以口耳相傳的方式流傳。浙江是沿海各省這類故事傳播的重點省份。

洞頭縣的民間文學工作者，深入漁村、船頭采風，先后采錄了海洋動物故事200多篇，名列全省各縣前茅。

從海港船艙挖掘的民間珍寶

洞頭縣對海洋動物故事的采錄，最早可追溯到上世紀50年代。不過，只有《蝦子做媒》等少數幾篇。

1980年到1986年，洞頭縣連續7年組織了20余次采風活動，重點搜集海洋動物故事；2004年至2008年開展非物質文化遺產普查，洞頭縣發掘出大批海洋動物故事。

洞頭縣善于講海洋動物故事的，大多是船老大。原北沙鄉東沙村的船老大陳懿琛，生于1904年，未入學，十多歲便下船當水手。他雖不識字，卻心靈手巧，會扎魚燈、踩高蹺、刻木模印。他記性特好，過耳不忘。四五十年的漁船生涯，他從水手成長為船老大，同時也成為故事能手，能講述近百篇故事、民謠和民間謎語，其中，海洋動物故事20多篇，代表性作品有：《猴子吊鱷魚》《黃魚和竹護》《想吃海鷗的鯊魚》等。船老大許楚義，1937年出生，是有名的黨員船老大。他未上過學，但善于講故事。代表性作品有《鯨魚和墨魚》《海虱子為什么光禿禿》《黃魚穿金袍》等，其中《鯨魚和墨魚》獲浙江省民間文學作品獎，他是浙江省“非遺”項目代表性傳承人。

洞頭縣發掘整理出大批海洋動物故事的現象，受到民間文學界的高度關注。中國民間文藝家協會、中國社科院文研所紛紛來信，稱贊這類故事“很有特色”，“為我國民間故事開辟了新的領域，令讀者耳目一新”，“對于民間故事研究極為珍貴”。

全國十多家刊物選登了洞頭海洋動物故事，福建人民出版社、浙江少兒出版社分別出版了洞頭海洋動物故事專集《海洋動物故事》和《蝦兵蟹將的故事》；浙江人民出版社出版的《東海魚類故事》，收入洞頭海洋動物故事數量為各地之冠。

洞頭縣30年的發掘成果豐碩。2009年5月，近20萬字的《洞頭海洋動物故事集》在上海出版。這是迄今為止收錄最為完整的洞頭海洋動物故事集子，全面展現了這類故事的風采。

蝦兵蟹將會說話

洞頭海洋動物故事的主人公，涉及魚蝦龜鱉螺貝，幾乎遍及洞頭漁場常見的海洋動物；故事的情節構思奇特，恰到好處地解釋了海洋動物生理特征、生活習性的由來，曲折地反映了復雜的社會現象，鮮明地表露了自己的思想感情，顯現了海島群眾的生存智慧和審美觀念。

蝦兵蟹將的故事，從內容上看有這幾種類型。

溯源型。這類故事，追溯的是魚類整體習性形成的原由。如《魚為什么沒有腳》，說魚原來和熊、馬一樣，也有四只腳，在陸地上生活。(魚的繁體字下面是四點，和熊、馬的四點一樣，表示有四只腳)當時天地初開，天和地相隔的距離太近，沒法過日子。女媧想用動物的四只腳，豎在東南西北四個角，把天頂高起來。別的動物都舍不得，只有魚把腳獻了出來。把天頂高以后，女媧將魚放入水中，讓它生活得更自在。類似的還有《產卵的魚和產子的魚》等。

解釋型。這類故事，是對某種海洋動物生理特點和生活習性形成原因的講述。如《鰳魚骨頭為什么多》，說鰳魚過去本來無骨無鱗，常受小魚小蝦欺負。它向海龍王哭訴，請求幫忙，海龍王下令海中百魚各送鰳魚一根骨頭。魚蝦們礙于龍威，很不情愿地送了，隨意地橫一根豎一根插了上去。所以，現在的鰳魚骨頭不但多，而且很雜亂。

寓意型。通過海洋動物之間的糾葛或海洋動物和其他動物的關系，闡發某個道理，嘲諷某種社會現象。如《猴子吊鱷魚》，說鱷魚闖入猴子們聚集的河灣，偽裝成礁石吞吃小猴子。猴王識破詭計，團結眾猴子把鱷魚吊在樹枝上，狠狠地教訓了它，贊頌弱小者憑團結和智慧戰勝強暴者。

解釋型。這類故事，解釋海洋動物生活習性或生理特征形成的原因，又內含教訓。如《鯨魚和墨魚》，講鯨魚在海中橫行霸道，墨魚不示弱，噴著墨汁迷惑鯨魚，還跳上它的頭頸狠勁吸，吸出了一個洞，逼得它認輸。這以后，鯨魚便經常要從這個洞里噴出海水。故事既幻想性地解釋了鯨魚噴水習性的由來，又道出了不畏強勢必定勝利的道理。這種類型的故事較為多見。

洞頭海洋動物故事直到當今，仍有著多種作用。

洞頭海洋動物故事充分顯現了洞頭漁區群眾的集體智慧。傾聽、閱讀這類故事，讓人深切地認識到：廣大漁區群眾從事海上生產，他們的聰明才智，通過口頭文學的創造、傳播，得到了最充分的顯示。

故事對海洋動物生活習性的講述，對后人起著形象地進行海洋知識和藝術地傳授生產技術的教科書式的作用。《老鯔魚傳藝》，講百歲魚王向眾魚傳授逃生絕招，其他的魚認真聽講，學得了真本領。鯧魚、鰳魚喝醉了酒昏昏沉沉的，聽了上句沒聽下句，結果，鯧魚只學會往前沖，鰳魚只知道要往后退。漁民們現在用流刺網作業捕撈鯧魚、鰳魚，利用的就是它倆這一習性。原本很枯燥的生產知識，用故事這么一講，生動形象，更容易掌握。

洞頭海洋動物故事中寓意型和寓意兼解釋型的故事，集中表現了漁區人民是非觀、審美觀，也是漁區人民自我約束、教育后代的道德讀本，直到今天仍有現實教育意義。

傳承中的合力保護

洞頭海洋動物故事的蘊藏量如此豐富，與洞頭的歷史人文優勢和自然地理環境密切相關。洞頭列島的移民，分別來自閩南及溫州的周邊縣，其民情風俗也都保留了原住地的特色。在洞頭諸島，閩南文化和東甌文化既各自獨立又相互兼容。

洞頭由168個島嶼組成，有多達331公里的海岸線；洞頭漁場總面積4810平方公里，是浙江的第二大漁場，漁汛時曾匯集了江蘇、上海、浙江、福建、廣東的大批漁船，文化的交流十分頻繁。洞頭的漁民按不同季節走南闖北找漁場、找市場。長距離、高密度的溝通，既是生產技術的交流，也是地域文化的滲透和影響。

漁民長年累月在海上生產，活動的空間局限在船艙，空閑時間“話匣子”打開，“三句不離本行”，他們對魚蝦的生活習性最了解，你一言我一語的，最初的海洋動物故事，便在船艙、補網場、酒鋪里產生，以后經過不斷篩選、補充，日趨完善、精彩。

在海島旅游休閑業持續升溫的情勢下，海洋動物故事已融入景區導游詞中，每個導游都能講述幾則代表性作品，結合餐飲，為游客介紹；酒店、大排檔還推出從故事中衍生出來的特色菜肴，讓游客在賞景、游玩、品菜中體驗海洋文化。

Fish Tales on National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage

By Qiu Guoying

Fish tales from Dongtou， a county of 168 islands in southern Zhejiang Province， have been recently inscribed as a national intangible cultural heritage by the State Council. The 4，810-square-kilometer fishing ground around Dongtou is the second largest fishing ground in the province and attracts fishing boats from neighboring provinces in the fishing season. It is only natural that local fishermen have a lot of stories to tell about the wildlife in the sea.

Most of these fable-styled stories come from captains of fishing boats but they are actually tales created and enriched by collective wisdom over time. These stories get born when fishermen sit down and chat over a cup of wine. Good stories get circulated and good ideas spread and grow.

These stories entertain fishermen on the sea when they are away from home; they also combine to serve as a small verbal encyclopedia on the most common fish species in the sea around Dongtou; and they serve as moral teachings so that listeners can learn how to behave themselves honestly. In many tales， sea creatures live and speak like human beings. Some stories even get associated with the ancient Chinese legends about the origin of the world. One tale explains why fishes have no feet: the Chinese character 魚 in its traditional form has four legs just like land animals. When Nu Wa creates the universe， she finds the sky is so low and close to the sea， she asks animals to give their legs so that she can prop the sky up. Fish contributes four legs and the goddess makes the sky stand on the fish legs. As a reward， the goddess puts the legless fish to enjoy greater freedom in the sea. It is a wonder how illiterate fishermen in Dongtou first noticed the odd puzzle the Chinese character presents and how they took it upon themselves to explain what happened in the genesis. The existence of the tale gives readers and listeners a peep into the life of these fishermen. While they are not working， they now and then wonder about the origin of a lot of things and try to crack puzzles existing in Chinese culture in their own way.

In the early 1980s， the county cultural authorities in Dongtou took action after realizing the significance of the fish folklore popular with local fishermen. For seven consecutive years from 1980 to 1986， the county cultural authorities organized more than 20 field studies to collect folk stories. From 2004 to 2008， the cultural authorities conducted a large-scale survey on intangible cultural heritage across its 186 islands and a lot of fish stories surfaced.

Many fishing boats captains in Dongtou are impressive storytellers. Chen Yishen (1904-1988) was a great storyteller. He never spent a day in school， but he grew up to be a versatile craftsman with a photographic memory. He could tell more than 20 stories concerning fishes in addition to 80 plus ballads and riddles. In the last years of his life， he was a member of Culture Study Panel of Dongtou County. Also a captain who never went to school， Xu Chuyi (born in 1937) is an equally impressive storyteller. One of his folk stories won a folk literature prize for the 1979-1982 period.

The folk stories discovered by cultural authorities have attracted the nationwide attention. Collections of the Dongtou folklore have been published. In May 2009， a complete collection of folk stories on ocean wildlife from Dongtou was published in Shanghai. The 200，000-word stories present a complete picture of fishermen’s wild imagination and reflect what catch their attention and what entertain them. Experts and the general public are equally amazed by these fresh tales.

The folk stories of Dongtou reflect local lifestyles. The present residents in Dongtou islands consist of two large groups. One group are the people from the southern Fujian Province and the other from neighboring counties of Wenzhou. The Wenzhou dialect and southern Fujian dialect have coexisted on the islands for nearly three hundred years. The two dialects represent two different regional cultures. They flourish side by side and they get merged to some degree.

Nowadays， the stories have also become cultural assets that promote the regional tourism across Dongtou. Tour guides in Dongtou never hesitate to relate the best of these stories to tourists.