王光平,張開發(fā)
(1.綿陽師范學(xué)院 體育與健康教育學(xué)院運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)教研室,四川 綿陽 621000;2.綿陽師范學(xué)院 校醫(yī)院,四川 綿陽 621000)
抗阻訓(xùn)練對老年人肌肉力量影響的元分析
王光平1,張開發(fā)230
(1.綿陽師范學(xué)院 體育與健康教育學(xué)院運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)教研室,四川 綿陽 621000;2.綿陽師范學(xué)院 校醫(yī)院,四川 綿陽 621000)
評價(jià)抗阻訓(xùn)練對改善老年人肌肉力量的效果,為抗阻訓(xùn)練處方的制定提供依據(jù),以MEDLINE和PUBMED為文獻(xiàn)主要來源,搜索1990~2010年間公開發(fā)表的抗阻訓(xùn)練對老年人肌肉力量影響的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),根據(jù)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)選擇合適的文獻(xiàn),對其進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評估和相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)提取。結(jié)果對30篇文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行元分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),抗阻訓(xùn)練后,老年人腿部伸肌群最大力量加權(quán)均數(shù)差為6.78 kg,95%可信區(qū)間為5.92~7.64 kg,平均最大力量增加了24.2%;腿部屈肌群最大力量加權(quán)均數(shù)差為1.03 kg,95%可信區(qū)間為0.93~1.14 kg,平均最大力量增加了20.3%。臥推最大力量加權(quán)均數(shù)差為11.52 kg,95%可信區(qū)間為10.74~12.29 kg,平均增加了26.9%。說明抗阻訓(xùn)練是能有效改善老年人增齡性肌肉力量減退的干預(yù)手段;大強(qiáng)度的抗阻訓(xùn)練較中等強(qiáng)度或小強(qiáng)度的抗阻訓(xùn)練更能有效增強(qiáng)老年人肌肉力量。
運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué);抗阻訓(xùn)練;肌肉力量;老年人;元分析
肌肉力量增齡性的減退是導(dǎo)致老年人機(jī)能障礙的重要原因,骨骼肌的最大力量在40歲后逐年遞減,并在65歲左右表現(xiàn)最為突出。盡管有關(guān)肌肉力量衰減的縱向研究較少,但現(xiàn)有的資料表明,在受試者壽命的最后10年,其肌肉力量發(fā)生顯著性的下降,并同時(shí)伴隨骨骼肌肌纖維的質(zhì)量減少、肌肉耐力及代謝能力減退、神經(jīng)支配失調(diào)、結(jié)締組織和脂肪增多等退行性改變[1]。研究表明,在老年人肌肉力量衰減早期,抗阻訓(xùn)練是一種安全有效的可直接改善老年人肌肉力量衰減的身體活動(dòng)方式,可有效增加蛋白合成效率,提高神經(jīng)肌肉適應(yīng)性[2]。但如何進(jìn)行抗阻訓(xùn)練,以何種方式、何種強(qiáng)度可以更好地改善肌肉力量,其相關(guān)結(jié)果卻因研究設(shè)計(jì)、訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)度、訓(xùn)練方式、樣本量等多種因素的不同而不一致。
元(Meta)分析作為循證醫(yī)學(xué)中的主要研究方法,可針對某一個(gè)干預(yù)措施全面收集所有相關(guān)資料,并進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格評價(jià)和分析,將不同的研究進(jìn)行定量的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理,可對干預(yù)效果做出更好的評價(jià)。本研究采用Meta分析的方法,檢索抗阻訓(xùn)練對老年人肌肉力量影響的相關(guān)研究文獻(xiàn),評價(jià)其影響作用和最有效的訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)度和訓(xùn)練方案,為抗阻訓(xùn)練運(yùn)動(dòng)處方的制定提供依據(jù)。
檢索方法:檢索 MEDLINE和 PUBMED中(1990~2009年)所有與抗阻訓(xùn)練對老年人肌肉力量影響的文獻(xiàn)。檢索詞為:aging and resistance training(老化和抗阻力量訓(xùn)練)、resistance training and muscle strength(抗阻力量訓(xùn)練和肌肉力量)、aging and muscle strength(老化和肌肉力量)。根據(jù)檢索到的文獻(xiàn)中所列出的相關(guān)參考文獻(xiàn),對其進(jìn)行追溯查找。手工檢索本校圖書館的電子期刊、參考文獻(xiàn)目錄及其它信息來源。初步檢索得到了513篇相關(guān)文摘及引文,全文112篇。
為最大程度排除異質(zhì)性的存在,設(shè)置文獻(xiàn)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
文獻(xiàn)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)受試者為未參加其它鍛煉方式的普通健康人群,年齡大于50歲。(2)鍛煉時(shí)間大于6周,須設(shè)立對照組;測定肌肉力量的基礎(chǔ)值及干預(yù)后數(shù)值。(3)至少有一組采用抗阻訓(xùn)練方法作為干預(yù)手段。(4)同一研究者針對相同人群所做的多篇研究文獻(xiàn),采用最近發(fā)表的一篇。
文獻(xiàn)排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)存在其它干預(yù)手段者,因難以判斷鍛煉效果而排除;(2)排除間歇訓(xùn)練和混合運(yùn)動(dòng)組。
采用Jadad等[3]制定的文獻(xiàn)評分量表對研究質(zhì)量,如試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)是否明確、試驗(yàn)對象是否隨機(jī)分組,各組病人的年齡、性別、職業(yè)等是否相似,治療作用評價(jià)是否準(zhǔn)確,是否描述了所有重要的治療結(jié)果等方面進(jìn)行評分,總分為5分,1~3分屬于低質(zhì)量,4~5分屬于高質(zhì)量。
本研究由兩名研究人員獨(dú)立按照納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)篩選文獻(xiàn),進(jìn)行評價(jià)和提取數(shù)據(jù)信息,提取的數(shù)據(jù)內(nèi)容包括個(gè)體特征、運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度、肌肉力量改變情況。經(jīng)文獻(xiàn)檢索,共得到513篇關(guān)于抗阻訓(xùn)練對老年人肌肉力量影響的研究文獻(xiàn)。經(jīng)閱讀摘要和(或)全文,按照納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),共得到有效文獻(xiàn)30篇。所有文獻(xiàn)評估的平均分為 2.1分。由于抗阻訓(xùn)練的干預(yù)方法無法設(shè)置雙盲對照,因此所有文獻(xiàn)均未采用雙盲對照。其中18篇文獻(xiàn)對訓(xùn)練條件和對照組進(jìn)行了隨機(jī)分配,12篇文獻(xiàn)只設(shè)立了對照組,未對治療條件進(jìn)行隨機(jī)分配。在這30項(xiàng)文獻(xiàn)中,包括2項(xiàng)中青年男性與老年男性的比較;1項(xiàng)中青年女性與老年女性的比較研究。將這30篇有效文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行Meta分析,共計(jì)868名受試者,年齡51~82歲((67.4±6.3)歲);16篇文獻(xiàn)為男女混合組,8篇文獻(xiàn)受試者為男性,6篇文獻(xiàn)受試者為女性。訓(xùn)練持續(xù)時(shí)間為12~52周((20.6±8.6)周),訓(xùn)練頻率為每周1~3次((2.7±0.5)d/周),訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)度為40%~80% 1RM((70 ±12.7)% 1RM)。每次鍛煉包括1~6組((2.5±1.0)組)。其相關(guān)情況見表1。
為了判斷Meta分析中是否有發(fā)表偏倚的存在,我們將使用漏斗圖(即以單個(gè)研究估計(jì)得來的治療效果(x軸)與每項(xiàng)研究的樣本大小(y軸)所做出的散點(diǎn)圖形)的不對稱程度來判斷其是否存在偏倚。如出現(xiàn)圖形不對稱,表明存在一定的發(fā)表偏倚。
采用Review Manage 4.2軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。若研究間存在臨床異質(zhì)性,則分別進(jìn)行描述。采用χ2檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)。若各試驗(yàn)間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性,選用固定效應(yīng)模型,否則選擇隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型。對二分類變量資料計(jì)算比值率及其95%可信區(qū)間,對連續(xù)性變量資料計(jì)算加權(quán)均數(shù)差值(加權(quán)均數(shù)差的計(jì)算原理是以鍛煉干預(yù)效應(yīng)方差的倒數(shù)為權(quán)重,將每個(gè)研究的干預(yù)效應(yīng)量進(jìn)行加權(quán)合并,最后得出合并效應(yīng)量)及其95%可信區(qū)間。
抗阻訓(xùn)練對老年人肌肉力量影響的 Meta分析的漏斗圖見圖1。

表1 納入文獻(xiàn)中受試者情況及訓(xùn)練計(jì)劃
如圖1所示,漏斗圖出現(xiàn)圖形不對稱,表明存在一定的發(fā)表偏倚,也有可能為以下原因所致:陰性結(jié)果的研究未能發(fā)表、納入研究的質(zhì)量較低、納入研究的樣本較小、研究結(jié)果的異質(zhì)性明顯等。

圖1 發(fā)表偏倚評估漏斗圖
在抗阻訓(xùn)練對老年人腿部伸肌群力量加權(quán)均數(shù)差的影響森林圖中(圖2),右邊一列均數(shù)差中橫線代表每個(gè)研究結(jié)果的可信區(qū)間,是真值可能存在的范圍,反映結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性,橫線中間的點(diǎn)為每個(gè)研究干預(yù)效應(yīng)值。最下方的菱形代表多個(gè)研究的合并效應(yīng)量。垂直線將圖分為左右兩半,用于判斷抗阻訓(xùn)練對老年人腿部伸肌群力量的作用有無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義:橫線或菱形與垂直線相交表明該研究中鍛煉組與對照組相比,腿部伸肌群力量的改變無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;橫線和菱形均在垂直線的右側(cè),表明鍛煉組腿部伸肌群力量的改變具有顯著性差異。
如圖2所示,對納入文獻(xiàn)的各個(gè)研究之間的異質(zhì)性進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果為df=21(P=0.001),I2=54.6%,說明存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性,故采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型計(jì)算合并效應(yīng)值:總效應(yīng)Z=15.48(P<0.000 01),腿部伸肌群最大力量加權(quán)均數(shù)差為6.78 kg,95%可信區(qū)間為5.92~7.64 kg,具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。與受試者鍛煉前腿部伸肌群平均最大力量36.02 kg相比,通過抗阻訓(xùn)練使最大力量增加了24.2%。

圖2 抗阻訓(xùn)練對老年人腿部伸肌群力量加權(quán)均數(shù)差影響的森林圖
如圖3所示,對納入文獻(xiàn)的各個(gè)研究之間的異質(zhì)性進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果為df=16(P<0.000 01),I2=71.8%,說明存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性,故采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型計(jì)算合并效應(yīng)值:總效應(yīng)Z=119.78(P<0.000 01),腿部屈肌群最大力量加權(quán)均數(shù)差為 1.03 kg,95%可信區(qū)間為0.93~1.14 kg,具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。與受試者鍛煉前腿部屈肌群平均最大力量25.95 kg相比,通過抗阻訓(xùn)練使最大力量增加了20.3%。

圖3 抗阻訓(xùn)練對老年人腿部屈肌群力量加權(quán)均數(shù)差影響的森林圖
如圖4所示,對納入文獻(xiàn)的各個(gè)研究之間的異質(zhì)性進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果為df=16(P<0.000 01),I2=82.8%,說明存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性,故采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型計(jì)算合并效應(yīng)值:總效應(yīng)Z=29(P<0.000 01),臥推最大力量加權(quán)均數(shù)差為11.52 kg,95%可信區(qū)間為10.74~12.29 kg,具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。與受試者鍛煉前臥推平均最大力量31.39 kg相比,通過抗阻訓(xùn)練使最大力量增加了26.9%。

圖4 抗阻訓(xùn)練對老年人臥推力量加權(quán)均數(shù)差影響的森林圖
本研究通過Meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn),抗阻訓(xùn)練能有效增加老年人上肢和下肢肌肉力量,表明老年人參與抗阻訓(xùn)練能有效改善增齡性的全身肌肉力量衰減,成為一種新型有效的活動(dòng)方式。通過本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),所納入的30篇文獻(xiàn)具有異質(zhì)性,需采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型計(jì)算合并效應(yīng)值。本研究共納入的研究文獻(xiàn)中,訓(xùn)練持續(xù)時(shí)間為10~52周((20.6±8.6)周),訓(xùn)練頻率為每周1~3次((2.7 ±0.5) d/周),訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)度為40%~80% 1RM((70±12.7)% 1RM)。每次鍛煉包括1~6組((2.5±1.0)組)。將30篇文獻(xiàn)按訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)度分為40%~60%、60%~70%、75%~80% 3個(gè)亞組,進(jìn)行亞組Meta分析,結(jié)果顯示:鍛煉強(qiáng)度為75%~80% 1RM,每周3次,每次3組時(shí),老年人肌肉力量增加可達(dá)到最大效果,臥推力量可以增加29.5%,腿部伸肌群力量增加 28.6%,腿部屈肌群力量可增加21.4%,這和以往的綜述研究結(jié)果類似[34]。由圖2、圖3和圖4可知,使用力量訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)度為40%~60% 1RM時(shí),橫線或菱形基本與垂直線相交,表明此時(shí)鍛煉組與對照組相比,肌肉力量的改變無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;而當(dāng)力量訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)度為75%~80% 1RM時(shí),橫線和菱形均遠(yuǎn)離垂直線的右側(cè),表明此時(shí)鍛煉組與對照組相比,肌肉力量的改變具有顯著性差異。由于所納入的文獻(xiàn)中不同強(qiáng)度的力量訓(xùn)練所對應(yīng)的受試者和肌群部位不同,所以我們無法定量比較不同強(qiáng)度的抗阻訓(xùn)練對老年人肌群力量的效果差異,但仍可以定性判斷出大強(qiáng)度的抗阻訓(xùn)練較小強(qiáng)度的抗阻訓(xùn)練更能有效增強(qiáng)老年人肌肉力量。由于所納入的文獻(xiàn)中,訓(xùn)練持續(xù)時(shí)間絕大部分均超過12周,亞組Meta分析未顯示訓(xùn)練持續(xù)時(shí)間的不同與力量增加具有顯著相關(guān),但結(jié)合前人研究結(jié)果,我們認(rèn)為抗阻訓(xùn)練應(yīng)至少持續(xù)12周以上。
現(xiàn)有的文獻(xiàn)表明,抗阻訓(xùn)練作為康復(fù)手段在中青年和老年人群中具有不同的功效[35-36]。但漸進(jìn)抗阻訓(xùn)練已成為一種有效改善老年人因肌肉力量下降而產(chǎn)生的相關(guān)疾病的干預(yù)手段。抗阻訓(xùn)練能增加瘦體重使體內(nèi)瘦體重的百分比增加,降低體脂率,改善身體成分,間接改善整個(gè)身體健康狀態(tài);抗阻訓(xùn)練也可預(yù)防骨質(zhì)稀少和骨質(zhì)疏松癥,降低骨折的危險(xiǎn),并可有效延緩或阻止增齡性的骨密度下降,Kerr[37]的研究表明,耐力訓(xùn)練組對骨密度作用不明顯,而力量訓(xùn)練組骨密度顯著增加,且大強(qiáng)度的負(fù)荷對增加骨密質(zhì)的效果最為顯著;抗阻訓(xùn)練還可以降低血脂,改善肥胖程度。因此我們認(rèn)為,對于老年人來說,在保證安全的基礎(chǔ)上,應(yīng)積極參與全身性的抗阻訓(xùn)練,訓(xùn)練持續(xù)時(shí)間應(yīng)超過12周,每周至少3次,運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度應(yīng)在75% 1RM以上。
所有Meta分析都會(huì)存在一些不可避免的局限性,如沒有納入全部的相關(guān)研究,不能提取全部相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),發(fā)表具有偏倚性,資料真實(shí)性、文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量不可控等。本研究的局限在于:(1)本研究僅收錄了MEDLINE和PUBMED中所收錄的文獻(xiàn),未納入相關(guān)的中文文獻(xiàn),由于陰性結(jié)果的論文往往不能發(fā)表,所以收集的資料存在偏倚性;(2)所納入資料中,受試者的性別無法進(jìn)行有效控制,很多文獻(xiàn)未將性別作為獨(dú)立因素加以區(qū)別;(3)納入文獻(xiàn)時(shí)間跨度為 20年,測試方法和技術(shù)的不斷更新,也會(huì)對結(jié)果產(chǎn)生一定影響;(4)大多數(shù)納入的文獻(xiàn)并沒有對臥推、伸肌群和屈肌群力量全部進(jìn)行測定,進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)時(shí),文獻(xiàn)數(shù)量較少也會(huì)對結(jié)果造成一定影響。
抗阻訓(xùn)練能有效增加老年人上肢和下肢肌肉力量,是有效改善增齡性的全身肌肉力量衰減的重要手段;大強(qiáng)度的抗阻訓(xùn)練較小強(qiáng)度的抗阻訓(xùn)練更能有效增強(qiáng)老年人肌肉力量,訓(xùn)練持續(xù)時(shí)間應(yīng)超過12周,每周至少3次,運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度應(yīng)在75% 1RM以上。
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Meta analysis of the effects of resistance training on the muscle strength of the elderly
WANG Guang-ping1,ZHANG Kai-fa2
(1.Teaching and Research Division for Sport Medicine in the Physical Education and Health Education College,Mianyang Nornal University,Miangang 621000,China;2.The Campus Clinic,Mianyang Nornal University,Miangang 621000,China)
In order to evaluate the effects of resistance training on improving the muscle strength of the elderly, and to provide a criterion for establishing resistance training prescriptions, by basing their important literature sources on MEDLINE and PUBMED, searching literatures in relation to the effects of resistance training on the muscle strength of the elderly, published between 1990 and 2010, and selecting suitable literatures according to inclusion and exclusion standards, the authors evaluated their quality and extracted related data, and revealed the following findings after having performed a meta analysis on 30 literatures: after resistance training, the weighted mean difference of the maximum strength of the leg extensor group of the elderly was 6.78kg, the 95% credibility interval was 5.92~7.64 kg, the mean maximum strength increased by 24.2%; the weighted mean difference of the maximum strength of the leg flexor group was 1.03kg, the 95% credibility interval was 0.93~1.14 kg, the mean maximum strength increased by 20.3%; the weighted mean difference of the maximum strength of supine pushup was 11.52 kg, the 95% credibility interval was 10.74~12.29 kg, the mean maximum strength increased by 26.9%. The said findings indicated that resistance training is a means of intervention which can effectively improve the age-growth specific deterioration of the muscle strength of the elderly, and that high intensity resistance training can more effectively enhance the muscle strength of the elderly as compared with medium or low intensity resistance training.
sports medicine;resistance training;muscle strength;the elderly;meta analysis
王光平(1960-),女,副教授,研究方向:運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)。
G804.5
A
1006-7116(2011)05-0132-07
2011-05-13
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