瑪麗·林肯：白宮購物狂

As we are enjoying a day off of work in honor of Abraham Lincoln and George Washington,2 its worth revisiting Lincolns troubled wife, Mary Todd Lincoln. Most Americans think of Mary—if they think of her at all—as crazy. In 1875, she was publicly tried for insanity by her only living son and found guilty.3 Then she spent months in an asylum4 against her will. As one contemporary summed it up, “She was not like ladies in general.”5

Was she actually mentally ill or merely an eccentric with an ahead-of-her-time independent streak?6 The latter would be a tidy 21st-century conclusion, but the real answer is not so pat.7 Her supporters, including W.A. Evans, the author of the 1932 biography Mrs. Abraham Lincoln: A Study of Her Personality and Her Influence on Lincoln, would say that Mrs. Lincoln was unfairly maligned8. Many of her most serious troubles were financial, not emotional. Some modern biographers like Jason Emerson diagnose her with bipolar disease, others, like Jean Baker, believe Mary had narcissistic personality disorder.9

There is evidence to support the notion that Mary was not quite so straightforwardly batty10 as those diagnoses suggest. Part of her bad reputation was the result of truly terrible luck. Perhaps because of her liberated behavior, the press was never willing to cut Mary any slack11 during these hard times. While her husband, Abraham, served as a wartime president, she was rumored to be a Confederate spy, an unloved bride, a neglectful mother, and a frivolous fame-seeker.12 Three of her four sons died prematurely, and her husband was assassinated in front of her on Good Friday.13 Even in her grief she received less sympathy than other presidential widows: Critics sniffed that she sobbed too loudly and wore black too long.14

Her treatment in the press was a preview of the way modern first ladies are criticized: Like Nancy Reagan, who consulted an astrologer during her years in the White House, Mary was fascinated by faddish spiritualism.15 Like Michelle Obama, her bold fashion choices—colors too bright, necklines too low—drew constant commentary.16 (“She had her bosom on exhibition, a flower pot on her head,” one snide17 critic wrote after a White House party.) And like Hillary Clinton, she was said to meddle18 in her husbands political affairs.

Unlike the criticism of her grieving style or her cleavage, the rumors about Mary Lincolns improprieties with money were not always unfair.19 When her husband was an Illinois lawyer and the couple lived in Springfield, gossips said she haggled with the fruit peddler in the market with unladylike ferocity.20 In Washington, she began what sympathetic recent biographer Jean Baker calls “the painful personal battle between spending and saving.” Spending usually won. She was excoriated in the papers for embarking on an insensitive shopping trip to New York and Philadelphia during the earliest days of the Civil War.21 She used up her congressionally allotted, four-year, $20,000 decorating budget within the first year of her husbands presidency.22 She spent $3,195 on china alone (echoes of another Nancy Reagan scandal).23 Her debts mounted with astonishing speed, and soon she was begging for extended lines of credit, often ordering more merchandise at the same time.24

Mary was mostly able to hide her serious debts from Honest Abe25 while he lived, but after his assassination, she was understandably terrified about her finances. The “Harrison precedent,” named for William Henry Harrison26, established that a presidential widow would receive her husbands salary only for the remainder of the year of her husbands death. Abraham Lincoln left an estate27 of$85,000, but since he hadnt written a will, his wife would only receive a third of that—the customary“widows portion.”

She spent the last 17 years of her life in a constant struggle for cash, living in a series of boarding houses on a stream of income that would have been enough for a more frugal widow.28 But Mary Lincoln was not a frugal widow. She barraged her financial manager with letters requesting her pension payments, which never seemed to arrive with enough speed, and her shopping continued unabated.29 Near the end of her life, she was known in Chicago as an oddball who would buy multiples of any item—10 pairs of gloves, 12 pairs of curtains.30

One of Marys most devastating31 scandals involved the public sale of her wardrobe in New York in 1867. Openly displaying used clothes was not something a respectable woman would do in those days. It was a humiliating disaster. One newspaper called her a“mercenary prostitute,” and one reporter sniffed that some of the gowns were sweat-stained.32 Critics loudly suggested that she had offered access to her husband in exchange for her expensive stash of finery.33 The sale made Mary “one of the most unpopular women in America,” according to Baker.

And that was before her trial for insanity. While recent biographers have made the case that Mary was a quirky proto-feminist who did not behave the way women were supposed to in the 19th century, her pattern of manic shopping sprees, bizarre religious fervor, and prolonged depression tracks with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder.34 In the period leading up to the trial, she became involved with a spiritualist sect known for inducing trances and hosting noisy séances.35 When she returned to Chicago after a chaotic period of travel, her purchases escalated36.

At home one morning waiting for a delivery of eight pairs of curtains, a lawyer sent by her only surviving son, Robert, arrived bearing a writ of arrest and a demand to come immediately to the courthouse.37 The abrupt nature of her arrest adds to the contemporary impression of Robert as the villain of his mothers story. But Mary had exhibited genuinely troubling behavior in the months leading to her incarceration38. One doctor testified that he had witnessed her “possessed with the idea that some Indian spirit was working in her head and taking wires out of her eyes,” and she was paranoid39 that Robert was in mortal danger. In this light, its easy to sympathize with his decision, even if he was also partly motivated by embarrassment and convenience.

Mary never reconciled with40 her son. In 1882, Congress finally passed a bill, in response to her strenuous lobbying,41 to increase her pension to $5,000 a year, plus $15,000 in back payments. She died of a stroke that summer before she could collect a penny of it. She had once apologized for “managing my money with the dullness of a woman,” and on that matter, like in so many others, she was not quite correct: There was nothing dull about Mary Lincoln.

1. shopaholic: 購物狂。

2.指每年2月的第三個星期一，該日為“總統日”，用以紀念美國歷史上兩位偉大的總統喬治.華盛頓和亞伯拉罕.林肯（因為他們的生日均在2月）。后來推而廣之用來紀念美國所有已故總統。

3. try: 審訊，審理；insanity: 精神錯亂，精神病。

4. asylum: 精神病院。

5. 正如其同時代的一個人總結的：“她總的來說就不像女士。”

6. eccentric: 怪人；streak: 特征，傾向。

7. tidy: 相當好的，令人滿意的；pat: 正好的，恰當的。

8. malign: 誹謗，中傷。

9. diagnose: 診斷；bipolar: 兩極的，躁狂與抑郁狀態交替的；narcissistic:自戀的；disorder: （身心、機能）失調，紊亂。

10. straightforwardly: 肯定地；batty: 瘋狂的。

11. cut sb. some(any) slack: 放某人一馬。

12. 而因其丈夫的身份為戰時總統，她被謠傳為南部邦聯的間諜、不受寵的新娘、疏于職守的母親和一個輕浮的追名逐利者。

13. prematurely: 過早地；assassinate: 暗殺；Good Friday: （基督教）受難日（復活節前的星期五）。

14. 即使在哀悼期間，她得到的同情也比別的總統寡婦少，批評者嗤笑她哭得聲音過大、穿黑衣時間過久。

15. preview: 預演，預習；astrologer: 占星師；faddish: 流行的；spiritualism:唯心論，招魂術。

16. neckline: （女裝的）領口、開領；commentary: 批評，議論。

17. snide: 挖苦的，嘲弄的。

18. meddle: 干涉，干預。

19. cleavage:（婦女的）乳溝；impropriety: 不得體，不適當。

20. 當她的丈夫在伊利諾伊州當律師、他們夫婦住在斯普林菲爾德市時，有流言說瑪麗在市場里和水果商販兇猛地討價還價，毫無淑女形象可言。ferocity: 兇猛，殘暴。

21. excoriate: 嚴厲指責,痛斥；embark on: 著手，開始做某事。

22. 她在其丈夫總統任期的第一年就花光了國會分撥的四年2萬美元的裝飾經費。

23. china: 瓷器；echo: 重復，效仿。

24. mount: 增加；line of credit: 商店等給予顧客的賒帳最高額；merchandise: 商品。

25. Honest Abe: “誠實的亞伯（林肯的小名）”，是林肯的綽號。

26. William Henry Harrison: 威廉·亨利·哈里森，美國第9任總統

[1841]。

27. estate: 遺產，財產。

28. boarding house: 提供膳食的寄宿處；stream: 一連串；frugal: 節儉的。

29. barrage: 接二連三地提出要求；pension: 養老金；unabated: 不減弱的，不減退的。

30. oddball: 古怪的人；multiple: 倍數。

31. devastating: 毀滅性的，令人震驚的。

32.一家報紙說她是“貪財的妓女”，還有個記者嗤笑她的一些衣服帶著汗漬。

33. stash: 藏匿；finery: 華麗的服飾。

34. quirky: 古怪的，離奇的；proto-feminist: 原型女性主義者；manic: 狂躁的；spree: 無節制的狂熱行為；bizarre: 古怪的；track: 留下印跡。

35. sect: 教派，派別；trance: （招魂術所謂的）鬼魂附體；séance: 降神會（一種以鬼神附體者為中心人物設法與鬼魂通話的集會）。

36. escalate: 逐步升級。

37. writ: 書面命令，令狀；courthouse: 法院大樓。

38. incarceration: 監禁，禁閉。

39. paranoid: （似）患妄想狂的，（似）多疑的。

40. reconcile with: 與……和解。

41. strenuous: 費力的；lobbying: 游說。