閱讀理解中主旨大意題解題技巧

在高考英語閱讀理解中，主旨大意題是必考的閱讀題型之一。主旨大意題包括概括文章大意、給文章選擇適合的標題、指出作者的寫作目的等。本文結合近五年廣東高考英語試題來談一談這類試題的一些特點及解題技巧。

一、五年考情

二、命題方式

主旨大意題的類型與提問方式：

1. 概括文章中心思想或段落大意的題干。

What is the passage mainly about? （2008年第49題）

2. 考查作者的寫作目的和意圖的題干。

The purpose of the passage is ________. （2007、2008年第45題）

The passage is intended to ________. （2009年第45題）

What is the main purpose of the passage? （2011年第45題）

3. 選擇標題的題干。

Which of the following can be the best title of the passage? （2007年第50題）

Which of the following is the best title for the passage? （2010年第50題、2011年第30題）

三、錯誤選項的特點

1. 無中生有或斷章取義。即在短文中沒有提到或有的選項中的某些詞語取自文章中，但經過推敲之后你會發現這類選項的內容與文章的內容不相符合。（見例1）

2. 以偏概全。有些選項只闡述了文章的部分內容，這往往會讓學生在選擇答案時舉棋不定。

[例1]（2011年廣東） In the animal kingdom， weakness can bring about aggression in other animal. This sometimes happens with humans also. But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people. I see it every day when people hold doors for me， pour cream into my coffee， or help me to put on my coat. And I have discovered that it makes them happy.

From my wheelchair experience， I see the best in people， but sometimes I feel sad because those who appear independent miss the kindness I see daily...

Last month， when I was driving home on a busy highway， I began to feel unwell and drove more slowly than usual. People behind me began to get impatient…I put on the car flashlights and drove on at a really low speed.

No more angry shouts and no more horns!

When I put on my flashlights， ... But instead of getting impatient and angry， they waited， knowing the driver in front of them was in some way weak.

Sometimes situations call for us to act strong and brave even when we don’t feel that way. But those are few and far between. More often， it would be better if we don’t pretend we feel strong when we feel weak or pretend that we are brave when we are scared.

30. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

A. A Wheelchair Experience

B. Weakness and Kindness

C. Weakness and Strength

D. A Driving Experience

選項A和C是似是而非。選項A的wheelchair experience來自文章第二段（斷章取義），有很大的迷惑性，但文章并不是介紹這次坐輪椅經歷的具體過程或情況，只是說明坐輪椅是自己處于弱勢，此時看到了人性中最美好的東西；選項C中的Weakness也取自于文章，其實文章根本不是談“弱點和強項”，與主題毫無關系，屬無中生有。

選項D是以偏概全。在第三至第五自然段都是敘述作者的A Driving Experience，但這只是一個細節，作者敘述這一細節的目的就在第六段，當你是弱者時不要假裝強者。

由第一段中的But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people可知正確答案為B。

3. 概括不夠或概括過度。即錯誤選項歸納的主題以部分代整體，或超出了文章實際所涉及的內容，缺乏針對性。

[例2]（2008年廣東） Today， the generation gap has not disappeared， but it is getting narrow in many families. Conversations on subjects such as sex and drugs would not have taken place a generation ago. Now they are comfortable and common ...

45. The purpose of the passage is to ________.

A. describe the difficulties today’s parents have met with

B. discuss the development of the parent-child relationship

C. suggest the ways to handle the parent-child relationship

D. compare today’s parent-child relationship with that in the past

選項A只提到當今的問題，以部分代整體；選項C和D超出了文章實際所涉及的內容，缺乏針對性。由第四段第一句中的Today， the generation gap has not disappeared， but it is getting narrow可知選B。

四、解題技巧

1. 大意類。

文章的主旨是通過段落來表達的，而段落大意主要由主題句來體現，因為主題句表達中心思想，其他句子均圍繞主題句進行展開，因此識別各段落的主題句并由此歸納出文章的中心思想是解答該類題的關鍵。

考生在做這類題時，要注意每段的主題句。文章的主題句大多位于開頭或結尾，有時也位于文章的中間。有時文章沒有明顯的主題句，我們就要通過關鍵詞來概括出主題句，進而歸納出文章的主題。以下是近五年廣東高考英語試題閱讀理解題部分篇章主題句在文中的位置：

從上表可以看出，2009年高考英語廣東卷閱讀理解題A篇沒有主題句，遇到這種情況，考生應如何通過關鍵詞來概括呢？找關鍵詞，首先要注意找出題干與選項中的關鍵詞，然后找出所讀文章中的關鍵詞，進行比較，選擇正確答案。如2009年廣東卷A篇：

Lisa was running late. Lisa， 25， had a lot to do at work， plus visitors on the way: her parents were coming in for...

Police and fire officials soon arrived， ...——just as he had been seconds after the rescue， which made her think about her reaction at the time...

45. The passage is intended to ________.

A. warn us of the danger in the subway

B. show US how to save people in the subway

C. tell us about a subway rescue

D. report a traffic accident

選項A的關鍵詞是the danger， 選項B的關鍵詞是how to save people，選項C的關鍵詞是a subway rescue，選項D的關鍵詞是a traffic accident，通讀全文后可以發現，這篇文章的細節主要圍繞關鍵詞a subway rescue而展開，故正確答案為C。因此，抓住了關鍵詞，就很容易找出文章的主旨大意。

2. 標題類。

文章的標題是中心思想最精煉的表達形式，選擇的標題意義范圍要能涵蓋全文，不能太大也不能太小。標題可以是單詞、短語，也可以是句子。做這類題時，要把概括范圍過窄或過寬的選項排除掉。例如2010年廣東卷B篇：

When something goes wrong， it can be very satisfying to say， “Well， it’s so-and-so’s fault.” or “I know I’m late， but it’s not my fault; the car broke down.” It is probably not your fault， but once you form the habit of blaming somebody or something else for a bad situation， you are a loser. You have no power and could do nothing that helps change the situation. However， you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation. This is the winner’s key to success.

Winners ars great at overcoming problems. For example， ...For another example， ...

This is what being a winner is all about... Winners don’t have fewer problems... They are just better at seeing those problems as challenges and opportunities...

50. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

A. A Winner’s Secret.

B. A Winner’s Problem.

C. A Winner’s Opportunity.

D. A Winner’s Achievement.

文章第二段主要講成功者解決問題時所采取的方法和態度，選項B范圍過窄，概括不夠；選項C中的opportunity取自文章第三段，是斷章取義；選項D是無中生有，故正確選項為A。

總而言之，主旨大意題是考生容易出錯的題型之一，但只要我們掌握并運用行之有效的解題技巧，在理解文章內容的基礎上仔細對比四個選項之間的差異，定能選出正確答案。

(作者單位：開平市長師中學）

責任編校 蔣小青