英語的謂語動(dòng)詞有兩種語態(tài),即主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。被動(dòng)語態(tài)是高中英語學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn),也是出錯(cuò)率比較高、令學(xué)生頭痛的難點(diǎn)。
一、被動(dòng)語態(tài)出錯(cuò)的原因分析和對(duì)策
被動(dòng)語態(tài)出錯(cuò)主要有兩大原因,一是中文影響根深蒂固,不明確中、英文的差異;二是學(xué)生缺乏被動(dòng)語態(tài)的判斷技巧,練習(xí)得不夠,沒有形成自覺的語法意識(shí)。
針對(duì)上述成因,筆者給同學(xué)們提供三種被動(dòng)語態(tài)的判斷方法:
1. 在漢語中,并非所有的漢語被動(dòng)句都出現(xiàn)“被”字。如“作業(yè)做好了”、“黑板已經(jīng)擦過了”。另外,漢語的“受”、“遭到”、“讓”、“叫”等都有“被”的含義。在英語中,被動(dòng)語態(tài)的典型的標(biāo)志就是句中出現(xiàn)by sb.或with sth.短語。如:
The door was locked by me. 門是我鎖上的。
The road was covered with snow. 馬路上覆蓋著雪。
2. 及物動(dòng)詞之后沒有賓語常需用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如:
I __________ (ask) to answer the question.
解析:ask是及物動(dòng)詞,其后必須接賓語。但在此題中,ask 之后沒有賓語。這當(dāng)然不是題目出錯(cuò)了,而是ask的賓語“我”已經(jīng)到句首當(dāng)主語了,即動(dòng)作的承受者做主語。故填was asked。
3. 謂語動(dòng)詞和主語在邏輯上是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí),應(yīng)使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如:
The blackboard _______(clean).
解析:“擦”與“黑板”在邏輯是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,故用被動(dòng)語態(tài),即“黑板”被“擦”。故填has been cleaned。
二、用錯(cuò)位相加法掌握被動(dòng)語態(tài)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)
高考中要求掌握八種時(shí)態(tài)和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法,這樣就有九種被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。如下表:
由于結(jié)構(gòu)比較多,考生雖然能明白被動(dòng)語態(tài)的基本結(jié)構(gòu):“be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”(以下簡寫成“be+過去分詞”),可在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中不能很好地寫出各種時(shí)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)。為了幫助同學(xué)們解決這個(gè)問題,筆者結(jié)合自己的教學(xué)實(shí)際,談?wù)勅绾斡谩板e(cuò)位相加法”提高被動(dòng)語態(tài)的正確率。
1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)只需要把be動(dòng)詞改成相應(yīng)的am /is /are 或was /were。如:
Linda, make sure the tables are set before the guests arrive. (一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài))
2. 一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)就是“一般將來時(shí)+ 被動(dòng)”,即:
一般將來時(shí):will + 動(dòng)詞原型
+)被動(dòng)語態(tài): be + 過去分詞
will + be + 過去分詞
類推:過去將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài):would be +過去分詞。如:
No decision will be made about any future appointment until all the candidates have been interviewed.(一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài))
3. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):am\\ is\\ are + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞
+)被動(dòng)語態(tài): being + 過去分詞
am\\is\\are + bei + 過去分詞
類推:過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài): was\\ were+ being+過去分詞。如:
The church tower which is being restored will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished.(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài))
4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí): have\\ has + 過去分詞
+)被動(dòng)語態(tài): be + 過去分詞
have\\has + been + 過去分詞
類推:過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài): had + been+過去分詞。如:
The children have been told many times not to play with fire.(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài))
5. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 動(dòng)詞原型
+)被動(dòng)語態(tài): be + 過去分詞
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be + 過去分詞
如:Bad things sometimes can be turned into good ones. 壞事有時(shí)可以變成好事。
總之,我們要在了解結(jié)構(gòu)掌握方法的前提下,進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)挠?xùn)練,在實(shí)際語言運(yùn)用中感知被動(dòng)語態(tài),發(fā)展語言運(yùn)用能力。
鞏固練習(xí): 用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。
1. You’ve failed to do what you ____________ (expect) to and I’m afraid the teacher will blame you.
2. People say that a smile can (pass)from one person to another, but acts of kindness from strangers are even more so.
3. When research (assign),the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with minimum guidance.
4. The policeman’s attention was suddenly caught by a small box which __________(place)under the Minister’s car.
5. —What’s that noise?
—Oh, I forgot to tell you. The new machine_________(test).
6. I like these English songs and they _____ (teach) many times on the radio.
7. In Indonesia, where Obama lived as child, hundreds of students at his former elementary school erupted in cheers when he __________(declare)winner, pouring into the courtyard where they hugged, danced in the rain and chanted “Obama! Obama!”
8. Progress __________(be)so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.
參考答案: 1. were expected 2. be passed 3. is assigned 4. had been placed 5. is being tested 6. have been taught 7. was declared 8. has been
(作者單位:韶關(guān)市曲江區(qū)曲江中學(xué))
責(zé)任編校 蔣小青