導(dǎo)語
這題目咋看起來標(biāo)新立異,也許會引起圍觀,或者你會對此不以為然——語法,痛苦都來不及,有什么好享受的呢?請你順著本文的思路看下去,你真的可以享受語法!
一、通過聽歌、看笑話享受語法
語法學(xué)習(xí)有娛樂版本你相信嗎?我們不要急著看那些具體的例子,讓我們先接著系列之一(認(rèn)識語法)所探討的原則來反思一下長期以來的英語學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣。大多數(shù)學(xué)生把學(xué)習(xí)限定在教材和教輔資料上面,英語讀物少有問津。基礎(chǔ)一般的同學(xué)還要疲于應(yīng)付各種習(xí)題。這種普遍的做法,實際上是失衡了。“均衡”講究的是各個要素以恰當(dāng)?shù)谋壤植荚谝粋€整體當(dāng)中,那么“做題”與“非做題”,“功利”與“非功利”之間,就要取得均衡。為方便讀者閱讀,以下采用“實例 + 點評”的編排方式展開。
實例1:聽Love Me Tender 突破強調(diào)句式。
Love me tender,
Love me long,
Take me to your heart,
For ___________________________,
And we’ll never part. (答案在本例末尾)
這首歌最出名的版本由貓王Elvis Presley演繹,請務(wù)必多聽幾遍直到完全有把握,不提前看答案。
點評:
聽歌調(diào)動了學(xué)習(xí)者的聽覺,而聽覺刺激是外語學(xué)習(xí)的重要渠道。糅合了美妙旋律的經(jīng)典歌曲更加是學(xué)習(xí)的好素材。在理論上,音樂與記憶的密切聯(lián)系有大量文獻論述過;在實踐上,絕大多數(shù)人經(jīng)久不忘童年的兒歌。歌曲作為語言的一種外在表現(xiàn)形式,大有潛力可挖。關(guān)鍵是選擇那些經(jīng)得起時間考驗的經(jīng)典歌曲,反復(fù)聽,直到聽出感覺、聽出門道來,以期達到語法詞匯雙豐收的效果。
答案:it’s there that I belong。句中“there”意為 “in your heart”,整句意為 It is in your heart that I belong. (I belong in your heart.) 你的心就是我的歸屬。
實例2:看笑話突破強調(diào)句式。
When a boy was taking his father’s dinner to the factory, he stopped for a minute to watch a workman cleaning a sewer(下水道).
The boy said to the man, “My mother dropped her gold watch down here yesterday.”
The workman’s eyes lit up. “Well, boy,” he said, pretending to be careless, “get along with you.”
An hour later the boy came back. “Are you quite sure it was here that your mother lost her watch down?” asked the workman.
“I am certain,” replied the boy with a cunning smile, “because I saw Father get it out with my own eyes.”
點評:
例1,2 中的強調(diào)句,是學(xué)生最容易誤用的句型。強調(diào)句式為:It is + 被強調(diào)部分+ that + 句子的余下部分。當(dāng)被強調(diào)部分表示時間、地點的時候,仍然要用that串起剩余的部分。對此學(xué)生往往“明知故犯”,寫出來容易犯錯,但是一提醒就拍腦袋,這規(guī)則本來是熟悉的啦!這說明規(guī)則不能停留于理解,還要強化。
平時看到書刊里有有趣的內(nèi)容,同學(xué)之間要多交流分享。時間寶貴,學(xué)生個人也不大可能專門搜錄含有典型語法的歌曲和笑話,所以偶然遇到的話,先用鉛筆做個記號,大家互換一下,效益就倍增了。
實例3: 看笑話突破if 引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句。
以下是筆者講虛擬條件句時最喜歡用的素材:
On the first day of the new term, a student came into a lecture hall and sat down in the last row. He did not come again for the rest of the course. The professor noticed this and was surprised to find him taking the exam at the end of the term. He was even more surprised to find that the student made only one mistake in the paper. The professor then told him to go to his office and asked, “You got just one answer wrong. How could you do so well with only one lesson?”
The student replied, “I would not have made that mistake if I had not been confused by your first lesson.”或者:“I would have got a full mark if I had not been confused by your first lesson.”
表示事實的同義句為:
I made that mistake because I was confused by your first lesson.
或者 I didn’t get a full mark because I was confused by your first lesson.
點評:
系列一(認(rèn)識語法)中提到的“以點帶面”在這里得到很好的體現(xiàn)。與過去事實相反的虛擬條件句比較難掌握。不妨把笑話的最后一句背下來,以后每次用該句式前,都先背一次經(jīng)典例句,依樣畫葫蘆,萬無一失。
二、通過創(chuàng)造享受語法
第一部分介紹的方法有閱讀和聆聽,本質(zhì)上是接受式的。反之,通過創(chuàng)造,即有意識的運用,你也能夠享受語法,同時掌握語法。
實例1:名詞性從句習(xí)作。
學(xué)生了解了四種名詞性從句的結(jié)構(gòu),并接觸了大量的例句之后,筆者要求他們嘗試運用該語法圍繞自選的主題寫作。以下是學(xué)生作品之一:
News came that Philippine Army arrested some Chinese who were working in a fishing-boat in the South China Sea(同位語從句). The problem is that China and the Philippines have some argument in this area(表語從句). It is obvious that Chinese fishermen have the right to work on their motherland(主語從句). China and the Philippines should stay calm when both have different opinions. Chinese government insists that Philippine government should set those Chinese citizens free at once(賓語從句)(陳俊良、何家毅原創(chuàng))
點評:
實證研究表明,輸出任務(wù)對輸入活動有影響——它使學(xué)生更加關(guān)注輸入的材料(此例中為四種名詞性從句的例句),學(xué)生通過有意義的表達(區(qū)別于機械操練),嘗試運用相應(yīng)的語言知識,在與其他人(包括教師和其他學(xué)習(xí)者)的溝通中檢驗語言運用的正確性。
實例2:通過故事攻克“動詞+ doing”結(jié)構(gòu)。
學(xué)生對于哪些動詞后面帶doing,哪些動詞后面帶to do,感覺比較困難,要記的東西很多。盡管這屬于詞匯的范疇,但既然已被大眾冠以語法的帽子,在這里還是適當(dāng)放點筆墨。以下故事為筆者原創(chuàng),要求學(xué)生堂上完成翻譯,括號內(nèi)是參考詞匯。
我承認(rèn)(admit)第一次見到她就愛上她了。有時候我情不自禁(can’t help)想念她,但她似乎回避(avoid)見我。我正在考慮(consider)告訴她我的感受,但又怕她不一定認(rèn)為(consider)我是合適她的人。
你認(rèn)為我該怎么辦呢?不同的人有不同的看法。我媽忠告(advise)我,要將精力集中在學(xué)習(xí)上,還說老師們不能忍受(can’t stand/bear)看見學(xué)生拍拖。而且,她說我要是老想著她,就會冒(risk)失去一切的危險。然而,我爸不介意(mind)我跟她拍。我最好的朋友Jack給我想出了一個好辦法,讓我走出這個進退兩難的境況。他提議(suggest)跟她討論數(shù)學(xué)問題,這樣她就會習(xí)慣于跟我在一起了。
多實在的主意啊!我甚至想象(imagine)和她同上一間大學(xué)。光做夢是沒用的。我要實施我的計劃,不要延遲(delay)。
參考答案:
I admit falling in love with her the first time I met her. Sometimes I can’t help thinking about her, but she seems to avoid seeing me. I’m considering telling her my feelings, but I’m afraid that she may not consider me (to be) the right man for her. (I may not be considered as the right man for her.)
What do you think I should do? People have different ideas. My mum advises focusing on my studies, saying that teachers can’t stand/bear seeing students dating. Moreover, she said if I thought about her all the time, I would risk losing everything. However, my dad wouldn’t mind me dating with her. My best friend Jack has given me a way out of my dilemma. He suggests discussing maths problems with her so that she will get used to staying with me.
What a practical idea! I now even imagine going to the same university with her. Yet it is no use just dreaming. I shouldn’t delay carrying out my plan.
點評:
該故事結(jié)合學(xué)生生活實際,很容易引起學(xué)生共鳴。語言與情境交織,能加深印象。學(xué)生享受到運用語言的樂趣,學(xué)習(xí)積極性也會提高。語法知識由無意義的符號變?yōu)樯鷦踊顫姷男蜗蟆H绻阆M涀∫恍┱Z法規(guī)則,也嘗試這種辦法吧!單句也可以的,只要是你關(guān)心的事情就好。
此外,由于要記的東西太多,不宜要求自己一次記完。本故事用的都是doing,你記住這些,就等于記住一半了。其中,consider在一個句子中運用了兩次,分別代表不同意義,“考慮”帶doing,“認(rèn)為”帶to do ,像這種高度濃縮的經(jīng)典,必須熟記。
三、享受語法,貌似稀奇實不難
享受,是一種心態(tài)。古語有云,學(xué)海無涯苦作舟。它有它的道理,我們邊學(xué)習(xí)邊享受也沒錯!當(dāng)我們大張旗鼓地談學(xué)習(xí)的享受、學(xué)習(xí)的樂趣的時候,我們就真正獲得了自由。如果你任由一刀切的語法教學(xué)主宰自己,就毫無自由可言。如果你懂得區(qū)分“識別型”“增值型”“保本型”,你就在自主的、負(fù)責(zé)任的選擇中獲得了自由。懂得享受的同學(xué),你也收獲了均衡。
敬請期待《三足鼎立論語法》之三,運用語法,將逐一對應(yīng)高考題型,為你拿分支招!
(作者單位:佛山市第一中學(xué))
責(zé)任編校 蔣小青