摘 要:動詞不定式是非謂語動詞中用法最多的一種,它既有名詞的性質(zhì),又有副詞的性質(zhì),學生在學習時應(yīng)特別注意它的用法。
關(guān)鍵詞:動詞不定式;形式;方法
中圖分類號:G632 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1002-7661(2012)01-167-01
動詞不定式通常有以下幾種形式:一般式:to do被動to be done.完成式:to have done.被動式:to have been done,進行式:to be doing,完成進行式:to have been doing。不定式在句中可以充當主語、表語、賓語、定語、同位語、狀語、補語等成分。
一、作主語
不定式作主語時直接放在謂語動詞之前,謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。To do more practice is right.但更常見的是用it作形式主語,將真正的主語(動詞不定式)置于謂語之后。It is right to do more practice.
二、作表語
不定式作表語通常說明主語的內(nèi)容。例如:All he wanted was to be left alone.
1、主語不定式與表語不定式呼應(yīng),例如:To see is to believe.2、主語是由動詞轉(zhuǎn)化或派生而來的名詞,如果原動詞要求接不定式,則表語也應(yīng)當用不定式,例如:My wish/hope/idea/plan/purpose/intention is to buy a new car.3、主語為all或what從句,表語可用不定式,例如:All you must do is to water the flowers.4、系動詞為含有“似乎”、“看來”或“碰巧”之意的動詞,表語可用不定式,基本句型為:Sb+seem/appear/happen to do/to be adj.=It seems(ed)/appears(ed)/happens(ed)that.
三、作賓語
不定式作賓語時,不定式的邏輯主語也是全句的主語。例如:He pretended not to see me when I passed.
1、只能跟動詞不定式作賓語的動詞 考生應(yīng)牢記want, wish, hope, agree, afrord,choose,forget,manage, promise, expect等只能跟動詞不定式作賓語的動詞。
2、一些形容詞(包括形容詞化的分詞)后可接不定式 這種不定式也可以叫做賓語。這樣的形容詞多是表示感情的,通常有:glad/sorry/sure/able/afraid/anxious/careful/content/determined/easer/foolish/free/inclined/likely/lucky/prepared/quick/ready/slow/willing.句中的不定式與句子主語可是主謂關(guān)系,例如:I am very glad to see you.句中的不定式與句子主語也可是動賓關(guān)系,例如:Volleyball is very interesting to watch.
3、ask/inform/tell/show/advise+間接賓語+直接賓語(疑問詞十不定式)
4、think/consider/regard/believe/feel/make/find/suppose+it(形式賓語)+賓補+(for sb.)+不定式(真正主語)例如:Do you find it difficult to answer the question?
四、作補語
動詞不定式作主語補足語時一律帶to.①S+be+v-ed+to do。表示動作同時發(fā)生。②S+be+v-ed+to have done動詞不定式作賓補表示動作發(fā)生了(即動作全過程結(jié)束了)這類動詞包括“四看”:see,watch,notice,observe;“三使役”:let,make,have;“二聽”:listen to,hear;“一感覺”:feel。
五、作定語
①它與其修飾的詞可能是主謂關(guān)系,例如:The next train to arrive was from New York.②它與其修飾的詞也可能是動賓關(guān)系,如果是不及物,則要用“不定式+相應(yīng)的介詞”的結(jié)構(gòu),這里的介詞一般不可省去。例如:He is looking for a room to live in.當不定式若修飾的名詞是time,place,way時,不定式后面的介詞習慣上可省去。例如:He had no money and no place to live(in).
六、作同位語
例如:He gave the order to star the attack.又如:He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up.
七、作狀語
不定式作狀語時,可以表示目的、原因、結(jié)果等。
例如:1、we have come to learn from you.(目的)
2、I'm glad to meet you.(原因)
3、He is too young to join the army.(結(jié)果)
不定式表示目的時,常可用in order to, so as to換用。
八、不帶to的不定式
①在感官動詞和使役動詞后,不定式作賓補要省略to。②在would rather(would sooner,had rather,hadsooner)…than,rather than等結(jié)構(gòu)的,than之后用省to的不定式。例如:I would rather go than stay;③在以why引導的疑問句中不帶to,例如:Why not have a rest?④在cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but之后的不定式不帶to, 例如:He cannot choose but keep silent. ⑤不定式動詞在介詞but, except, besides后面時,如果這些介詞之前有行為動詞do的各種形式,那么這些介詞后的不定式不帶to,否則要帶to。例如:She could do nothing but cry. ⑥為了避免重復,有些不定式可省去。例如:I’m really puzzled what to think or say. ⑦不定式還可用在let fly(投射),make believe(假裝)。
九、學習動詞不式定需要注意哪些問題?
1、不定式的邏輯主語可以為分以下幾種情況:
①與該句子的主語一致。例如:
I came here to attend an important conference.
②該句子的賓語是不定式的邏輯主語。例如:
The lady asked him to bring a cup of coffee for her.
③不定式的邏輯主語有介詞of和for引出。例如:
It's very nice of you to lend me so much money.
2、不定式與介詞。
介詞后面一般不跟動詞不定式作其賓語。例如:
不能說:I'll take a rest after to have supper.
應(yīng)該說:I'll take a rest after(having)supper.
晚飯后,我將休息一下。