過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)用法闡釋

王新豐

過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)是歷屆高考試題中比較常見(jiàn)的考點(diǎn)，考生應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)此引起高度重視。有關(guān)過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)用法，請(qǐng)注意以下幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：

（1） 過(guò)去分詞用作前置定語(yǔ)：若是單個(gè)的過(guò)去分詞或只帶副詞修飾的單個(gè)過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ), 通常置于所修飾的名詞前，此時(shí)過(guò)去分詞具有形容詞的特點(diǎn)，側(cè)重狀態(tài)和比較永久的特點(diǎn)。

例如：a broken window 一扇壞了的窗戶；a recently?built house 最近建造的一所房子

We need more experienced teachers. 我們需要更多有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的老師。

溫馨提示：有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，單個(gè)的過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)也可以置于被修飾的名詞后面。

例如：Do you know the number of the books ordered? 你知道訂購(gòu)了多少書(shū)嗎？

Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出。

（2） 過(guò)去分詞用作后置定語(yǔ)：若是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ), 則通常置于被修飾的名詞之后。此時(shí)過(guò)去分詞既有形容詞的特征，又有動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)，但主要突出動(dòng)詞的特征，且不像前置定語(yǔ)那樣具有永久性的特點(diǎn)。做后置定語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞一般都帶有修飾語(yǔ)或其他成分，在語(yǔ)法上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。

例如： Well talk about the problem discussed(= that / which was discussed) at the meeting yesterday. 我們將談?wù)勛蛱鞎?huì)議上討論的問(wèn)題。

（3） 過(guò)去分詞也可用作非限制性定語(yǔ)，前后用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)由which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。

例如：The books, written by Lu Xun (= which were written by Lu Xun), are popular with many Chinese people. 這些書(shū)是魯迅寫的，受到了許多中國(guó)人的喜愛(ài)。

The meeting, attended by one thousand students(= which was attended by one thousand students), was a great success. 這次會(huì)議獲得很大的成功，共有一千名學(xué)生出席。

（4） 過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)與所修飾的詞之間存在兩種關(guān)系：一是及物動(dòng)詞表示被動(dòng)或完成意義（有時(shí)也表示沒(méi)有一定的時(shí)間性）；二是不及物動(dòng)詞只表示完成意義，不表被動(dòng)。

（5） 過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)與定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系。

過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)由which, that或who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。若過(guò)去分詞是及物動(dòng)詞可以改為動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)形式的定語(yǔ)從句；如果過(guò)去分詞是不及物動(dòng)詞則可以改為動(dòng)詞為完成式或動(dòng)詞為表示狀態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句。

例如：Whats the language spoken（= which is spoken）in Germany? 德國(guó)說(shuō)什么語(yǔ)言？

Most of the guests invited(=who were invited) to the evening party were college students. 應(yīng)邀參加晚會(huì)的客人大多數(shù)是大學(xué)生。

a retired worker (= a worker who has retired) 一名退休工人

a returned soldier (= a soldier who has returned) 一位返鄉(xiāng)的士兵

（6） 過(guò)去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動(dòng)式和動(dòng)詞不定式一般式的被動(dòng)式做定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：

過(guò)去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動(dòng)式和動(dòng)詞不定式一般式的被動(dòng)式都可以做后置定語(yǔ)，它們的共同點(diǎn)是都與所修飾的名詞或代詞存在邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系（即表示被動(dòng)），但是過(guò)去分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動(dòng)式表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作，動(dòng)詞不定式一般式的被動(dòng)式表示一個(gè)將來(lái)的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。請(qǐng)對(duì)比：

The meeting held yesterday was very important. 昨天開(kāi)的會(huì)很重要。

The meeting being held now is very important. 現(xiàn)在正在開(kāi)的會(huì)議很重要。

The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important. 明天要召開(kāi)的會(huì)議很重要。

[練一練]

1. After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope ________. （2012山東卷）

A. providing

B. provided

C. having provided

D. provide

2. Were having a meeting in half an hour. The decision ______ at the meeting will influence the future of our company. （2012重慶卷）

A. to be made

B. being made

C. made

D. having been made

3. “Its such a nice place,” Mother said as she sat at the table ________ for customers. （2012浙江卷）

A. to be reserved

B. having reserved

C. reserving

D. reserved

4. The club, ________ 25 years ago, is holding a party for past and present members. （2012上海卷）

A. founded

B. founding

C. being founded

D. to be founded

5. Cleaning women in big cities usually get ________ by the hour.

A. pay

B. paying

C. paid

D. to pay

6. A great number of students ________said they were forced to practice the piano.

A. to question

B. to be questioned

C. questioned

D. questioning