戚繼光與南北長城

蕩平倭寇 名震東南

長城是中華文明史的重要載體，是非常珍貴的歷史文化遺產，也是中華民族的精神標志和偉大力量的象征。

隋代及以前的萬里長城，受風雨侵蝕，大都不完整，明代修筑的、尤其是東起山海關西至山西黃河邊的一段，保存得相對完整，起伏于崇山峻嶺之間，氣勢磅礴，蔚為壯觀。這是我國歷史上杰出的軍事家、民族英雄—戚繼光和譚綸等將帥給我們留下的一份珍貴遺產。

然而，鮮為人知的是，浙江臨海也有一座由戚繼光與譚綸等人整修并保存完好的臺州府城墻，山海關至居庸關的明長城的規格、形制和構造與之頗多類似。民間因稱臺州府城墻為“江南長城”。著名長城學專家羅哲文考證后認為，臺州府城墻確是明長城的“師范”和“藍本”。

“南北長城”相關相聯，起始于戚繼光抗倭。

倭寇早在元末就開始侵擾我國東南沿海，明嘉靖年間更為猖獗。而明廷，政治黑暗，吏治腐敗，海防廢弛，面對兇殘的倭寇，十戰九敗，于是倭患愈加嚴重。

嘉靖三十五年(1556)，戚繼光與譚綸分別從山東和南京調任浙江，擔負抗倭職責。在臺州，作為參將的戚繼光真正開始了他輝煌的軍事歷程，修城墻，造戰船，整頓衛所，招募勇士;就地取材發明火器狼筅，創“鴛鴦陣”和“一頭兩翼一尾陣”，撰寫《紀效新書》，并以此訓練出一支精銳之師—戚家軍;還培養了胡守仁、李超、陳大成、王如龍、楊文(臨海大汾人，后累功至遼陽總兵)、張元勛、丁邦彥、金科等一批能征善戰的將領。

戚繼光在臺州與倭寇前后數十戰，每戰必勝。嘉靖四十年(1561)四、五月間，他以4000兵力，面對總計2萬余倭寇，連獲新河、花街、上峰嶺、長沙等水陸九戰大捷，使侵犯之敵遭到毀滅性打擊，同時解救了萬余名被擄百姓，而戚家軍累計陣亡不到20人，史稱臺州大捷。從此，浙江倭患遂平。

鞏固城防 創新突破

戚繼光抗倭的成功得益于其先進的軍事思想，其中最為突出的是攻守結合的策略。戚繼光和譚綸防守臺州時，把加固城防作為重點，以提高防御能力。臺州府城墻始建于晉元興元年(402)，擴建于唐武德四年(621)。宋慶歷五年(1045)六月，“大水毀城郭，死人萬余”，災后重建，“三旬而成”，次年又“周之以陶甓(城磚)……兼用石”，增強城墻的牢固度。這種磚包城方法被戚、譚二人吸收和改良，廣泛應用于城防建設，為萬歷年間戚繼光對山海關至居庸關長城全面實施磚包城提供了藍本。

戚繼光在城防建筑上有一個突破性的創造—空心敵臺。于洪武二十年(1387)九月設千戶所并建城的桃渚，處于從海上進入臺州的咽喉之地，“為衛城府治之藩翰”。嘉靖三十八年(1559)四月，倭寇登陸臺州，圍攻桃渚城達七晝夜。戚繼光與時任浙江海道副使譚綸，率兵從寧海急行軍300余里，解桃渚之圍。五月，戚繼光再次解桃渚之圍，修復城墻。他在東北角和西北角各修筑了一座空心敵臺，使桃渚“城上有臺，臺上有樓，高下深廣，相地宜以曲全，懸瞭城外，纖悉莫隱”。嘉靖四十年(1561)，他又在臺州府城墻上修筑了13座空心敵臺，大大增強了城市的防御能力。這一創舉，是對中國古代軍事建筑學的巨大發展，為其晚年大規模建造北方長城空心敵臺奠定了基礎。

倭寇在浙江受到痛擊后，把侵擾的重點轉向福建、廣東。朝廷任命譚綸為福建巡撫和兩廣總督，并命令戚家軍出兵閩粵。自嘉靖四十二年(1563)四月至隆慶元年(1567)四月，戚繼光與譚綸、俞大猷、劉顯、湯克寬等配合作戰，歷經水陸大小五十余戰，徹底消滅了侵犯福建、廣東的倭寇和勾結倭寇的海盜。至此，東南沿海幾百年的倭患得以平息。

北御強虜 揚威漠北

東南沿海倭患漸次平息以后，朝廷便把主要精力放到整飭北方邊務，消除蒙古韃靼部落的襲擾上。

“北虜”問題，由來已久。自洪武元年(1368)元廷退居漠北之后，韃靼、瓦剌諸部及兀良哈三衛便不斷襲擾明王朝邊地，往往是大掠之后隨即退去，形成歷史上的“北虜之患”。嘉靖年間，韃靼諸部屢屢入犯，兵力動輒數萬，甚至數十萬，腐敗不堪的明軍根本抵擋不住蒙古驍勇善戰的鐵騎。嘉靖二十九年(1550)六月，韃靼首領俺答率領所部數萬精兵大破古北口而入塞，在京師周圍肆意劫掠八日，滿載而去，史稱“庚戌之變”。

隆慶元年(1567)，俺答又犯邊地，土蠻亦同時入寇。朝廷商議對策，有人提議調兩廣總督譚綸、福建總兵戚繼光、廣西總兵俞大猷到北方“專督練邊兵”，穆宗決定:“速召戚某同譚綸回京，訓練兵馬。”于是，戚繼光和譚綸先后赴任薊鎮總兵和薊遼總督。戚繼光開始了又一段輝煌的軍事生涯。

針對北方防務特點，戚繼光認為:“須駐重兵以擋其長驅，而又乘邊墻以防其出沒，方為完策。”隆慶三年(1569)二月，3000名戚家軍到達密云郊外待命。優良的軍紀，震撼了長城守兵。是年，南兵增至1萬，隆慶六年(1572)增至2萬。戚繼光以此為骨干隊伍，以最新式、最精良的武器裝備部隊;與譚綸一起設計、制造了架設火炮的偏箱戰車;建立三兵種聯合作戰的車步騎營;撰兵書《練兵實紀》，大規模訓練將士;修建邊墻敵臺，增強長城的防御能力;調整防區，部署嚴密防守。

隆慶二年(1568)十二月至萬歷三年(1575)正月，朵顏部酋長董狐貍先后5次侵犯邊關，戚繼光率強大的車步騎營，每仗均打得董狐貍大敗而逃。最后，董狐貍率部落頭面人物240多人到喜峰口請罪，對天盟誓，子孫永遠內附，不再進犯。隆慶四年(1570)，明廷與俺答部達成“隆慶議和”，俺答表示臣服，從此再也沒有進犯薊鎮。但土蠻部依然時時在覬覦著薊鎮的財富，準備進攻古北口和山海關，最后都懾于戚繼光的威名而沒敢進犯，而將襲擾的目標轉向遼東。戚繼光分別于萬歷七年(1579)十月和八年(1580)十月，兩次率兵援助遼東，配合作戰，擊敗敵人。

固鎮強邊 長城巍然

薊鎮，作為京城的門戶，具有十分重要的軍事地位。戚繼光在薊鎮16年，薊門宴然。繼任者，隨其成法，數十年間太平無事。

薊門宴然的原因，首先在于城防體系的增強。戚繼光到任后，不滿足于明廷用傳統夯土法修復的長城，深感其在防御功能上的不足，“每年修守，每年賊入，大虜不犯則已，犯則如蹈無人之境，何也?”“人亦以險固，設險為虛，人何由守?”于是，提出以更高標準全面修復城墻，“金湯勢成，不戰而屈人之兵者在在是矣”。

戚繼光加固改建北方長城，一是修建空心敵臺，在臺州所筑敵臺基礎上加以改進創新，親自擬定筑臺規則，至萬歷九年(1581)薊昌二鎮先后三期共建1448座空心敵臺，有利于屯兵、儲藏糧食彈藥、居高居險等攻守之十利;二是增高加厚城墻，萬歷四年(1576)起又參考臺州筑城經驗，大規模用磚石包砌長城，即用經過修整的石條為基，墻體內外用青磚包砌，一直到頂，白灰勾縫，內里夯實三合土，保障墻體堅固耐久;三是完善長城的附屬設施，增建垛墻、懸眼等;四是墻外削偏坡、挑壕塹、挖品坑，減弱敵人的攻擊能力;五是墻內建附臺軍營(老營)。這就構成了一個完整而堅固的防御工事體系。在內閣大學士張居正及譚綸等人的推動下，宣府、大同、太原三鎮參照戚繼光所樹范例，亦全面修建轄區長城敵臺。

隆慶六年(1572)十月，朝廷閱視修城和練兵效果，戚繼光在薊州的中心地帶湯泉(今河北遵化縣北)組織了16萬主客兵參與的防御韃靼騎兵入侵的演習，歷時20余日，規模空前。通過這次大演習，薊鎮守軍充分展示了士氣之高昂、戰法之精湛、防守之嚴密，也展示了經戚繼光修建的長城敵臺在防御上的重大進步，是戚繼光軍事思想的一次成功實踐。

如今，戚繼光重修的東起山海關西至居庸關長城已成為中華民族的瑰寶，其重修的臨海兩座英雄古城也作為長城之師范和藍本而列為國家重點文物保護單位。“南北長城”互為參照，彼此呼應，彰顯了戚繼光功高當時、譽在千秋的豐功偉績。

(本文圖片除署名外，由作者提供)

Qi Jiguang and the Great Wall in South and North

By Lu Ruping

The Great Wall of China was first built separately during the period of the Warring States more than 2，000 years ago in the northern China to keep northern nomads away. The First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty (221-207BC) had the separate walls connected. By the Sui Dynasty (581-618)， the wall had already deteriorated. During the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)， the great wall in the north was rebuilt. It was a great engineering and military project. The Great Wall now tourists see around Beijing is the sections rebuilt by Qi Jiguang and Tan Lun， a general who worked under Tan Lun in the early years of Qi’s career.

What Qi Jiguang and his assistants rebuilt was a copy of the city wall Taizhou Prefecture in southern Zhejiang Province. Luo Zhewen (1924-2012)， a scholar specialized in ancient architecture， concluded that the city wall of Taizhou Prefecture was the very prototype of the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty in the north.

Japanese pirates harassed China’s coastal areas for hundreds of years. In 1566， Qi Jiguang came to Zhejiang to fight them. It turned out that the new assignment was the turning point of Qi’s military career. He had the city wall built， warships made， new weapons invented and produced. Moreover， he trained an army known as Qi’s Army and trained a group of military talents who grew up to play a big part in the dynasty’s military actions and whose names and deeds are honored in history.

Qi Jiguang led his army in dozens of battles and won all of them. The biggest campaign spanned April and May 1561. His army of 4，000 soldiers fought 20，000 pirates and wiped them out. Only less than 20 of his soldiers died in action. The pirates never came back to Zhejiang after this defeat.

Historians agree that Qi’s victory largely depended on his innovative offense and defense organization. For the purpose of defense， he built fortifications around cities. The city wall of Taizhou Prefecture， first built in 402AD， went down and came up repeatedly in history. It was reconstructed in 1045 after a big flood ruined the city. Qi Jiguang adopted the technology used by the engineers of the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127) and reinforced the fortifications across Taizhou. Qi Jiguang came up with an additional breakthrough: watchtowers. In May 1559， he reconstructed the fortification of Taozhu. He built two watchtowers on the two corners of the city wall. In 1561， he built 13 watchtowers on the city wall of Taizhou Prefecture. The watchtowers enabled sentinels to watch out for a large area. The large space inside the tower could be used to store weapons and for soldiers to sleep during wartime.

After Qi Jiguang and other generals drove Japanese pirates to the sea， he was summoned in 1567 to guard against northern nomads whose strategy was “loot and run”. Before Qi’s arrival， the northern nomads had been a big threat to the capital city of the Ming. In June 1559， a Tartar army broke a fortress in the north， came through， pillaged around the capital city for eight days， and went home with tons of fortune.

In the north， Qi Jiguang repeated his military strategy: build a strong army and build strong fortifications. He summoned his army from the south and reinforced the fortresses. Jizhen， a gateway to the capital city， was a barrack town of the Ming Dynasty in the north. During his 16-year stay there and in the following decades， Jizhen was safe largely because of the defense system he installed. Qi Jiguang decided to reconstruct the great wall. He took five steps to strengthen the defense system. First， he had altogether 1，448 watchtowers constructed in three phases. Secondly， he made the wall higher and thicker and wrapped the wall up with slabs and bricks. Thirdly， he had auxiliary military works added to the wall. Fourthly， he had ditches and pits dug on the outside of the wall to make it difficult for invading Tartars to negotiate; fifthly， he had barracks on this side of the wall reconstructed near the watchtowers.

The section of the wall rebuilt by Qi Jiguang served as a prototype for other parts of the Great Wall under the watch of other commanders in the north.

Today， the Great Wall with Shanhai Pass in the east and Juyong Pass in the west stands witness to the contribution of Qi Jiguang. The Great Wall in Linhai is now a key cultural heritage under national protection. It serves as the prototype for the reconstruction of the Great Wall in the north during the Ming Dynasty.

Qi Jiguang made the Great Wall we see today.