崔然 許青
(同濟大學附屬第十人民醫院腫瘤科 上海 200072)
鉑類藥物是20世紀60年代開始開發的一類抗癌藥物[1]。與烷化劑、抗癌抗生素和激素一樣,鉑類藥物也屬于細胞周期非特異性藥物。鉑類藥物進入腫瘤細胞后能與DNA形成Pt-DNA加合物,從而介導腫瘤細胞壞死或凋亡、產生抗癌效果。自1978年順鉑(cisplatin)上市以來,許多新型鉑類藥物相繼問世,為抗癌治療提供了新的選擇。經過將近半個世紀的發展,鉑類藥物因其獨特的抗癌機制、廣泛的抗癌譜而成為抗癌藥物研究的熱點之一。順鉑和卡鉑(carboplatin)是目前臨床上使用最廣的化療藥物之一,被廣泛用于治療非小細胞肺癌(non-small-cell lung cancer, NSCLC)、卵巢癌、宮頸癌、食管癌、胃癌、結腸直腸癌和頭頸部腫瘤等常見惡性腫瘤。隨著藥物表觀基因組學(pharmacoepigenomics)的發展,對新的分子標志物的探索將為未來降低癌癥患者對鉑類藥物的耐藥性以及增強療效、提高生存率提供新的契機。
NSCLC是最常見的肺癌病理類型,約占全部肺癌的80%~85%。貝伐珠單抗(bevacizumab)通過選擇性地與人血管內皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)結合阻斷VEGF的生物活性,進而抑制血管增殖。Du等[2]報告,在一項治療NSCLC患者惡性胸腔積液的臨床試驗中,貝伐珠單抗300 mg聯合順鉑30 mg能較單用順鉑30 mg更有效地降低積液中的VEGF和癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen)含量,而兩組3~4級不良事件的發生率沒有顯著差異,推測胸腔積液中的VEGF水平可能可作為貝伐珠單抗治療的預后標志。Urata等[3]在一項Ⅱ期試驗中使用S-1聯合卡鉑和貝伐珠單抗治療48例NSCLC患者,結果顯示客觀緩解率(objective response rate, ORR)為54.2%(95%CI: 39.2%~68.6%)、中位無進展生存時間(progressionfree survival, PFS)為 6.8個 月(95% CI: 4.3~ 8.2個月),≥3級的毒性主要為血液毒性。在日本進行的一項Ⅱ期試驗(“JO19907”試驗)發現,貝伐珠單抗聯合卡鉑和紫杉醇治療晚期NSCLC患者(121例)可較單用卡鉑和紫杉醇(59例)顯著提高ORR(分別為60.7%和31.0%,P=0.001 3),且治療組和對照組均未出現新的嚴重副作用[4]。
與貝伐珠單抗類似,莫特塞尼(motesanib)亦具有抗VEGF受體-1,VEGF受體-2,VEGF受體-3、血小板衍生生長因子受體(platelet-derived growth factor receptor, PDGFR)和Kit的作用。Blumenschein等[5]通過一項Ⅱ期多中心、對照試驗比較了莫特塞尼聯合紫杉醇和卡鉑與貝伐珠單抗聯合紫杉醇和卡鉑治療晚期非鱗癌NSCLC的療效和耐受性,發現兩治療組的療效相當,但在莫特塞尼組中出現了較高的毒性反應,盡管毒性反應仍在可控范圍內。厄洛替尼(erlotinib)通過阻斷表皮生長因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)信號途徑產生抗腫瘤增殖和侵襲作用。Chen等[6]評估了國內一項關于厄洛替尼治療NSCLC的Ⅲ期隨機、開放性試驗(“CTONG-0802”試驗)中EGFR突變陽性患者的生存質量后發現,厄洛替尼在延長PFS、改善生存質量方面優于吉西他濱聯合卡鉑。
紫杉烷類藥物因具有抗微管作用而成為鉑類藥物治療NSCLC的常用配伍藥物。Xie等[7]的研究表明,樂鉑(lobaplatin)單用或聯合抗微管藥物(特別是多西他賽)的抗NSCLC活性較順鉑或卡鉑高。最近完成的一項治療NSCLC的6國多中心Ⅲ期臨床試驗(“CA031”試驗)表明,與紫杉醇(paclitaxel)聯合卡鉑相比,130 nm白蛋白-紫杉醇顆粒(130 nm albumin-bound paclitaxel particles)聯合卡鉑治療可以顯著提高ORR(分別為35%和27%)、延長中位PFS(分別為6.9和5.6個月,HR=0.845)和中位總生存期(overall survival, OS)(分別為16.7和15.9個月, HR=0.930)[8]。
抗葉酸代謝藥物培美曲賽(pemetrexed)聯合順鉑或卡鉑作為ⅢB~Ⅳ期NSCLC的一線治療方案最近已在德國獲得批準。Schuette等[9]進行的一項Ⅱ期隨機試驗發現,培美曲賽聯合順鉑或卡鉑治療能夠達到較理想的目標。培美曲塞聯合卡鉑治療老年晚期NSCLC的Ⅱ期試驗也正在法國進行[10]。
1.2.1 治療乳腺癌
乳腺癌、特別是已發生轉移的乳腺癌對蒽環類或紫杉烷類藥物不敏感。Deng等[11]進行的Ⅱ期試驗評價了樂鉑35 mg/m2聯合培美曲賽500 mg/m2治療對蒽環類和紫杉烷類藥物耐藥的轉移性乳腺癌的療效和安全性,結果顯示部分緩解率為15.8%(3/19)、中位OS為10.3個月,但因各種毒性反應率高,藥物劑量有待調整。三陰乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer, TNBC)是指雌激素受體、孕激素受體和人表皮生長因子受體-2(human epidermal growth factor receptor-2)均為陰性的乳腺癌,約占所有乳腺癌的15%,預后差[12]。近期美國一項回顧性分析表明,順鉑聯合多西他賽延長局部進展TNBC患者PFS和OS的作用優于卡鉑[13]。
1.2.2 治療宮頸癌
宮頸癌是導致女性死亡的第二大癌癥死因,65歲以上婦女的宮頸癌發病率為0.69%~1.38%[14],順鉑被推薦用于治療復發的宮頸癌已有30年歷史[15],順鉑聯合紫杉醇一直是治療進展期和復發的宮頸癌的一線化療方案。來自如婦科腫瘤組織(Gynecologic Oncology Group)、日本臨床腫瘤組織(Japanese Clinical Oncology Group)等國際協作組織的數據顯示,順鉑聯合紫杉醇仍然是目前治療進展期和復發的宮頸癌的最優方案,而卡鉑可能是未來替代順鉑治療宮頸癌的理想藥物[16]。
1.2.3 治療卵巢癌
p53突變和Akt活化導致的對鉑類藥物的耐藥現象在治療卵巢癌時很常見,提高卵巢癌細胞的敏感性及尋找新的聯合治療方案是當務之急。Kobayashi等[17]的研究發現,p53再激活并誘導大規模細胞凋亡-1(p53 reactivation and induction of massive apoptosis-1)可以增加p53突變的耐藥性卵巢癌細胞對順鉑化療的敏感性,這可能是通過增加磷酸化p53的含量和下調Akt的表達、進而促進癌細胞凋亡來實現的。類似地,韓國研究人員通過使用鹽霉素(salinomycin)抑制蛋白激酶B即Akt/轉錄因子-κB信號分子而成功地使耐順鉑卵巢癌細胞(A2780cis)發生了凋亡[18]。這些研究為解決卵巢癌耐藥問題提供了新的思路和方法。
1.3.1 治療胃癌
順鉑聯合氟尿嘧啶(fluorouracil)是治療晚期胃腺癌的常用方案。順鉑聯合氟尿嘧啶和多西他賽(DCF方案)的Ⅱ/Ⅲ期臨床試驗表明,該方案的療效更好,但血液毒性也大大增加。Alici等[19]使用低劑量DCF方案治療120例轉移性胃癌獲得了較好的療效:4例達到完全緩解、36例達到部分緩解,ORR為56.6%;中位到疾病進展時間為7個月(95% CI: 6~7.9個月),中位OS為15個月(95% CI: 13.7~16.2個月);3~4級白細胞減少發生率為20%(24/120)。索拉非尼(sorafenib)通過抑制VEGF受體和PDGFR等多種受體的酪氨酸激酶產生抗血管生成作用。近期完成的一項Ⅱ期試驗(“ECOG 5203”試驗)探索了索拉非尼聯合順鉑和多西他賽治療轉移性或晚期胃癌和胃食管交界處腺癌的療效,發現有41%(18/44)的患者達到部分緩解,中位PFS為5.8個月,中位OS為13.6個月[20]。雖然有64%的患者出現了3~4級白細胞減少,但該聯合方案的療效和耐受性值得進一步探索。
1.3.2 治療結腸直腸癌
結腸直腸癌在確診時有20%~25%的患者已發生肝轉移[21]。奧沙利鉑是第一個顯現對結腸癌有效的鉑類藥物,其聯合氟尿嘧啶和亞葉酸(leucovorin)(FOLFOX方案)是治療結腸癌的常用方案。日本的一項回顧性研究和歐洲的多項臨床試驗均表明,FOLFOX方案可以有效治療結腸直腸癌[22]。Shogbon等[23]最近報告了1例因使用FOLFOX方案化療導致結腸癌患者隱源性機化性肺炎(cryptogenic organizing pneumonia)的罕見病例,該不良事件應引起臨床醫師的注意。
1.3.3 治療頭頸部腫瘤
近10年來頭頸部腫瘤的發病率有所上升,其病理類型以鱗癌為主。2011年美國FDA批準了西妥昔單抗(cetuximab)聯合順鉑(卡鉑)和氟尿嘧啶作為局部復發或轉移性頭頸部鱗癌的一線治療方案。Cohen等[24]使用歐盟批準的西妥昔單抗對此方案進行驗證,獲得了較好的療效。Huang等[25]比較了西妥昔單抗聯合放療與鉑類藥物聯合放療治療頭頸部腫瘤的療效,發現這兩方案在改善2年局部復發率和遠處轉移方面沒有差異,但鉑類藥物聯合放療可顯著延長≤65歲患者的2年生存率(分別為83%和58%,P=0.001)。西妥昔單抗聯合放療可能是治療老年頭頸部腫瘤的合理替代方案。日本的一項使用鉑類藥物聯合西妥昔單抗治療33例復發和轉移的頭頸部鱗癌的Ⅱ期臨床試驗也取得了較好療效(中位PFS為4.1個月,OS為14.1個月,疾病控制率為88%),但97%的患者出現了3~4級不良事件,提示需對此方案進行進一步研究以降低毒性[26]。
藥物表觀基因組學是指基于表觀遺傳學的機制來研究藥物基因組學對藥物反應性的調節,對探究耐鉑類藥物機制和增強鉑類藥物的抗癌效果意義重大。近年來的研究表明,許多分子生物學標志物參與了鉑類藥物的抗癌作用過程。
1)核苷酸切除修復交叉互補組-1(excision repair cross-complmenting group-1, ERCC1)ERCC1是核苷酸減切修復(nucleotide excision repair)途徑的關鍵因子,與對鉑類藥物抵抗有很強的相關性[27-29],即ERCC1表達水平的高低與鉑類藥物的抗癌療效和患者預后呈負相關關系。近期Lu等[30]的研究對此理論提出了挑戰,他們發現直腸癌伴淋巴結轉移者有較無淋巴結轉移者更低的ERCC1以及乳腺和卵巢癌易感基因-1(breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility-1, BRCA1)mRNA水平,推測ERCC1和BRCA1的低表達可作為直腸癌不良預后的預測因子。
2)BRCA1 BRCA1涉及多種DNA修復途徑,完整的BRCA1路徑對于修復DNA交叉鏈接和斷裂起著重要作用,而該路徑受損則常意味著DNA修復能力下降、對順鉑治療敏感[31]。一項多中心Ⅲ期隨機試驗(“GOG-172”試驗)研究了順鉑聯合紫杉醇靜脈內給藥和腹腔內給藥治療Ⅲ期卵巢上皮癌的療效,發現在BRCA1表達正常組,兩種給藥途徑的中位OS沒有差異(分別為50和58個月,P=0.818)。但在BRCA1表達異常組,兩種給藥途徑的中位OS差異明顯(分別為47和84個月,P=0.000 2)[32],這可能與BRCA1的低表達增強了卵巢上皮癌對順鉑聯合紫杉醇腹腔內給藥的敏感性有關。
除ERCC1和BRCA1外,一些其他分子生物學標志物如胰島素樣生長因子結合蛋白-3 (insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3)、谷胱甘肽S-轉移酶(glutathioneS-transferase)、跨膜蛋白158(transmembrane protein 158)和細絲結合LIM蛋白-1(filamin-binding LIM protein-1)與鉑類藥物抗癌效果間的關系也在研究中,未來有望對腫瘤患者實現更有效的個體化治療。
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