一、主題句的確定
英語(yǔ)的說(shuō)明文、記敘文和議論文通常都有主題句。主題句提出論述的主題,是對(duì)全文的概括,是文章的主旨,是整個(gè)段落的綱領(lǐng)。它能在文章中起“畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛”的作用。寫(xiě)一篇文章的主題句應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):
1. 主題句要有針對(duì)性。
句中需要有一個(gè)詞、詞組或從句讓讀者對(duì)本段落的主題一目了然,明確本段的重點(diǎn)或觀點(diǎn)。如果以“This paragraph will talk about birds.”這句話作為主題句就表達(dá)得不確切,意義太籠統(tǒng),不能突顯主題。試比較以下幾句,下列幾個(gè)主題句能確切地闡明段落的主題。
Birds have a great sense of direction.
In my opinion, a bird makes a better pet than a cat does.
Birds are suffering from air pollution.
2. 主題句要有概括性。
主題句包含要說(shuō)明的重點(diǎn)和觀點(diǎn),所以句中必須含有可擴(kuò)展主題的詞、詞組或從句。同時(shí),主題句要有利于下文的擴(kuò)展。例如:The young girl studied Chinese history. 該句未能概括主題的要點(diǎn),而且不利于下面的擴(kuò)展。最好增添一個(gè)詞或一個(gè)短語(yǔ)來(lái)修改這個(gè)句子,以便能順利地?cái)U(kuò)展主題。例如:
The young girl eagerly studied Chinese history.
The young girl studied Chinese history under a famous historian.
3. 主題句要有醒目性。
主題句應(yīng)具有可讀性、新穎性,能抓住、吸引讀者,能產(chǎn)生美感。如下面這些主題句:
As the saying goes, “Time past cannot be called back”.
Which is better: to get good scores or to get ability?
In choosing a good husband, different girls have different ideas.
二、文章的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾
一篇文章通常可分為三個(gè)部分,即開(kāi)頭、正文和結(jié)尾。這三個(gè)部分安排是否得體,直接影響到文章的質(zhì)量。
1. 文章的開(kāi)頭
文章的開(kāi)頭很重要,好的開(kāi)頭可以吸引讀者,抓住讀者的注意力。文章的開(kāi)頭一般來(lái)說(shuō)應(yīng)盡量做到開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山,用簡(jiǎn)單明白的敘述引出文章的主題,使讀者了解文章要談?wù)撌裁矗ぐl(fā)讀者的閱讀興趣。常見(jiàn)的開(kāi)頭形式大致有以下幾種:
(1) 開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山,揭示主題
文章一開(kāi)頭,就交待清楚文章的主題是什么。下面是題為Honesty (談?wù)\實(shí))一文中的開(kāi)頭:On Honesty is one of the best virtues. An honest man is always trusted and respected. On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a “l(fā)iar”, and is looked down upon by honest people.
(2) 交代人物,引出事件
在文章的開(kāi)頭,先把人物、事件和環(huán)境交待清楚。例如A Trip to Jinshan (去金山旅游)的開(kāi)頭:The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. The bus ride took three hours. The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.
(3) 回憶往事,激發(fā)興趣
用回憶的方法來(lái)開(kāi)頭,激發(fā)讀者的好奇心和閱讀興趣。例如A Trip to the Taishan Mountain (泰山游)的開(kāi)頭是:I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.
(4) 概括介紹,以觀全貌
文章中將要敘述的人或事先作一個(gè)概括性的介紹,使讀者對(duì)敘述的對(duì)象,要表述的觀點(diǎn)有一個(gè)大致的了解。如The Happiness of Reading Books (讀書(shū)的快樂(lè))的開(kāi)頭:People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I want to say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.
(5) 描述環(huán)境,創(chuàng)設(shè)情景
即開(kāi)頭描寫(xiě)自然景物或自然環(huán)境,把讀者帶入到一個(gè)特定的情景,使讀者對(duì)即將敘述的事件有一個(gè)心理準(zhǔn)備。如An Accident (一場(chǎng)事故)的開(kāi)頭:It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty. I was on my way back to school. Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner.
(6) 交待目的,引起注意
在文章的開(kāi)頭就交待寫(xiě)作目的,如通過(guò)文章要表?yè)P(yáng)誰(shuí),批評(píng)誰(shuí),或說(shuō)明一個(gè)什么問(wèn)題等。首先就引起了讀者的注意。如Pollution Control (控制污染)的開(kāi)頭:In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.
(7) 開(kāi)頭設(shè)疑,引起下文
開(kāi)頭設(shè)疑,給人以“欲知后事如何”之感,能自然、利索地引入下文。如:My Teacher (我的老師) 的開(kāi)頭:Have you ever heard about my teacher Mr. Zhang, a learned but lovely man?
2. 文章的結(jié)尾
同樣,文章的結(jié)尾也很重要,好的結(jié)尾會(huì)使讀者對(duì)全文的中心思想留下深刻的印象,可以增添文章的效果和說(shuō)服力,讓人深思,回味無(wú)窮。確切地說(shuō),結(jié)尾的作用就是概括全文內(nèi)容,進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)或肯定文章的中心思想,使讀者加深印象;有時(shí)也用于展望未來(lái),提出今后方向或令人深思的問(wèn)題,給讀者留下回味和思考的余地。文章結(jié)尾的形式也是多種多樣的,常見(jiàn)的有以下幾種:
(1) 首尾呼應(yīng),畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛
在文章的結(jié)尾,把含義較深的話放在末尾,以點(diǎn)明主題,深化主題,起到畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛的效果。如 I Cannot Forget Her (我忘不了她)的結(jié)尾:After her death, I felt as if something were missing in my life. I was sad over her passing away, but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.
(2) 重復(fù)首句,深化主題
結(jié)尾回到文章開(kāi)頭闡明的中心思想或主題句上,達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。如I Love My Hometown (我愛(ài)家鄉(xiāng))的結(jié)尾:I love my home town, and I love its people. They have changed. They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland.
(3) 水到渠成,自然收尾
隨著文章的結(jié)束,文章自然而然地結(jié)尾。如Fishing (釣魚(yú))的結(jié)尾:I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing, we lay down on the river bank, bathing in the sun. We returned home very late.
(4) 含蓄結(jié)尾,引人深思
用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接點(diǎn)明作者的看法,而是讓讀者自己去領(lǐng)會(huì)和思考。如A Day of Harvesting (收割的日子)的結(jié)尾:Evening came before we realized it. We put down our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat, but on every face there was a smile.
(5) 反問(wèn)結(jié)尾,加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣
文章的結(jié)尾采用反問(wèn)句的形式。雖然形式是問(wèn)句,但意義卻是肯定的,并具有特別的強(qiáng)調(diào)作用,發(fā)人深思。如Should We Learn to Do Housework? (我們要不要學(xué)做家務(wù)?) 的結(jié)尾:Everyone should learn to do housework. Don’t you agree, boys and girls?
(6) 指明方向,激勵(lì)讀者
結(jié)尾表示對(duì)將來(lái)的展望,或期待讀者投入行動(dòng)。如Let’s Go in for Sports (讓我們參加體育運(yùn)動(dòng))的結(jié)尾:As we have said above, sports can be of great value. They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work better. A sound mind is in a sound body. Let’s go in for sports.
文章的結(jié)尾沒(méi)有一定的模式,可以根據(jù)表達(dá)主題的需要靈活創(chuàng)造。一般的習(xí)慣是,一些記敘文和描寫(xiě)文經(jīng)常采用自然結(jié)尾的方法;但說(shuō)理性和邏輯性較強(qiáng)的說(shuō)明文和議論文則往往都有結(jié)束語(yǔ),以便使文章首尾呼應(yīng),結(jié)構(gòu)完整。
三、主題的拓展
光有主題句是不行的,必須添枝加葉,豐富細(xì)節(jié)。要對(duì)主題進(jìn)行拓展和擴(kuò)充。寫(xiě)好了主題句后,通常要對(duì)主題句所表現(xiàn)的思想作進(jìn)一步的發(fā)揮和展開(kāi),增加細(xì)節(jié)和要點(diǎn),補(bǔ)充支撐句和過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)。主題展開(kāi)時(shí)做到要點(diǎn)齊全,中心突出、詳略得當(dāng)。例句典型,內(nèi)容完整,前后呼應(yīng),層次分明,過(guò)渡自然。但也不能任意發(fā)揮,擴(kuò)展的內(nèi)容一定要緊扣主題,與主題無(wú)關(guān)的內(nèi)容要祛除。
例1:如要敘述一件不愉快的事情,主題句為:Something unpleasant happened to us on our way to the beach.
在此基礎(chǔ)上你可以增加細(xì)節(jié)。
(拓展句1) I took a bus to the beach.
(拓展句2) The bus broke down on the
way.
(拓展句3) It would take two hours to
repair it.
(拓展句4) The air-conditioner was
turned off.
(拓展句5) The sun was very strong.
(拓展句6) We spent the whole morn
ing sweating in the heat!
通過(guò)這樣擴(kuò)展,將句子變成了段落。
例2:如要說(shuō)明影響氣候的因素,主題句為:There are several factors affecting climate.
(拓展句1) One factor is the amount of
sunlight received.
(拓展句2) Altitude, or the height above
sea level, also determines climate.
(拓展句3) The oceans have an effect on
the climate of the land.
(拓展句4) In addition, climate is influenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere.
主題句指出影響氣候的幾個(gè)因素。然后用四個(gè)擴(kuò)展句說(shuō)明四種因素。第一種是太陽(yáng)光的接收量,第二種是海拔高度,第三句和第四句分別是海洋和大氣環(huán)流因素。
四、拓展主題技法
主題句及關(guān)鍵詞確定后,開(kāi)始選擇和主題有關(guān)的信息和素材。有一種常用的方法就是句子展開(kāi)前加以設(shè)問(wèn),然后解答,即“設(shè)問(wèn)——解答(why-because)”的方法。下面我們通過(guò)舉例來(lái)看一看這種分類過(guò)程是如何完成的。
主題句:English is an international language.
設(shè)問(wèn) (why):Why can we say English is an international language?
解答 (because):Because: English is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world.
Because: Over 70 percent of the world’s mails are written in English.
Because: More than 60 percent of the world’s radio programs are in English.
Because: Many members of the International Language Society are selected from English-speaking countries.
從上面可以看出,由最初的一個(gè)主題句,通過(guò)“設(shè)問(wèn)——解答”的方法,擴(kuò)展了四句,當(dāng)然,在寫(xiě)成段落時(shí),沒(méi)有必要在每個(gè)句子開(kāi)頭寫(xiě)上because,但是,在動(dòng)筆展開(kāi)句子時(shí),頭腦里要想著這個(gè)詞,這種檢驗(yàn)方法能幫助我們把注意力集中在某個(gè)重心,圍繞主題思想層層展開(kāi)。